الفهرس 
Chapter 1: IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 232 |  |  |
| | | from | 232 | | |
Abstract
Water is essential to sustain life, and availability of safe drinking water is
very important. Ground water and surface water are the two main sources of
drinking water in Egypt .
Contamination of drinking water with fecal materials like pathogenic
parasitic protozoan cysts (Giardia and Entamoeba), still represents an
environmental health hazard in Egypt, especially in rural areas. Prevention
of the transmission of protozoan parasites through drinking water.
Ground water is used for drinking by more than 50% of the people in the
world, including almost everyone who lives in rural areas. It is considered as
a secondary source to irrigate some agricultural areas in the Delta region,
and in Egypt as an essential source for some cultivated lands to which the
Nile water is not reachable. In many regions of Egypt, the ground water is
widely used for drinking and other domestic purposes.
This study was planned in order to compare between three water
treatment plants in Shebeen El-Koum (Meligue using direct filtration
without clarifiers, Shobrabass compact using closed transferable filtration
units and El-Dalaton using bank river filtration where the well is at 20
meters apart from the Nile and at 120 meters depth) in the period from
March 2016 to February 2017.
This study included
Physical, chemical, and bacteriological parameters of three water
treatment plants in Shebin El-kom city were evaluated to estimate the
water quality for drinking water. Physical parameters included pH,
turbidity, total dissolved salts, conductivity while chemical parameter
included total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness,
alkalinity, iron, manganese, chlorides, sulfate, phosphate, ammonia
and nitrate.
Bacteriological quality of water is usually indicated by certain
parameters such total coliform as indicator of environmental pollution
and fecal coliform indicator of fecal pollution.
Examination and investigation of many of protozoa especially ciliates.
Making relationships of biotic and abiotic parameters in three water
treatment works in El-Menoufia Province.
Some of these results were as follow :
Temperature ranged between 20.8 º C in Winter and 28 º C in
Summer, these results showed a noticeable seasonal trend of
temperature.
Raw turbidity exceeded MPL. However, drinking water values
were within the safe limit of WHO for drinking water
(Turbidity <1 NTU) except in Shobrabass compact plant.
pH values in all stages of water treatment ranged between 7.5
to 7.8 which is considered normal according to EPA.
TDS could be used as a Water Quality Index. This was
indicated as a collective measure of pollution, when it has a
higher value. TDS average values were 254 mg /L for MTWP,
256 mg / L DTWP, and 266 mg / L for STWP.
The values of electrical conductivity did not exceed MPL
(<2000 μ mhos/cm), where it ranged between 322 to 432 μ
mhos/cm in raw water and between 331 to 426 μ mhos/cm in
tap water.
Monthly concentration values of total alkalinity and chlorides
for drinking and raw water fall within the allowed range.
Monthly concentration values of total hardness and calcium
hardness for drinking and raw water fall within the allowed
range.
It is worth to mention that phosphate, nitrate and ammonia
values were markedly high in tap water especially in
Shobrabass Water Treatment Plant.
All water samples were positive for total coliform and fecal
coliform. The maximum values for total coliform and fecal
coliform were in August (22600 CFU/100 mL,9600 CFU/100
mL) in raw water in Meligue Water Treatment Plant. where in
Shobrabass were (23200 CFU/100 mL, 10600CFU/100 mL),
finally in El-Dalaton ( 22500 CFU/100 mL , 9000CFU/100
mL).
The positive results in outlets samples may be due to failure of
sand filters stage to remove pathogenic organisms, or the
chlorine concentration was minimum level. In case of positive
results in distribution system, this can be attributed to leaking
pipes, valves, joints and seals, as well as contamination of the
tap by the final user.
Seasonally and monthly results indicated that presence of
zooplankton (Protozoa and Rotifers) in raw water, treated water
and tap water in Shobrabass compact and the maximum value
was in Summer and Spring, this is due to inefficiency of
lamella filters.
Zooplankton (Protozoa and Rotifers) were absent completely in
treated and tap water of both Meligue direct filtration and El-
Dalaton river bank filtration, this because success of
disinfection by chlorine.
The present results showed a significant positive correlation
between population density of rotifers and temperature.
Rotifers can be used to indicate the performance of certain
types of water treatment process. The maximum population
density of rotifers in Summer and Spring (organism 38 x 103/L)
in Meligue and El-Dalaton.
This present study proved that Meligue direct filtration was the
most efficient one in producing potable water followed by El-
Dalaton river bank filtration and then Shobrabass compact. The
latter needs improvement to produce safe potable water.