الفهرس 
Failure Costs in Underground Construction
Finite Element Analysis Methodology and Numerical ModelingOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The deep braced excavation with the use of concrete diaphragm walls, as side supports, has been increasingly applied in the Greater Cairo for several purposes such as basements, underground garages, cut-and-cover tunnels, and subway stations. The most challenging task for geotechnical engineers is to estimate the settlement associated with the trenching process, especially if the diaphragm wall is constructed near existing structures.
The escalating needs for an acceptable estimate of the deformations associated with deep excavations in the Greater Cairo call for gaining more perception of the behavior of deep excavation including the combined actions of trenching, excavation, dewatering and their effect on buildings. Consequently, reliable estimates of ground movements in future projects that have similar conditions can be made using the semi-empirical relationships developed from the geotechnical dedicated studies.
The objectives of the current research are acquiring the knowledge for deep excavation process effects on the surrounding areas and buildings, especially under the different geotechnical conditions of the Greater Cairo area, also, to provide design aids and semi-empirical relationships of the retaining wall straining actions and the deformations associated with deep braced excavations considering the different lithological and groundwater prevailing in the Greater Cairo area. In addition, developing a reliable numerical modelling of deep excavation considering the construction sequence, the available lithological, geotechnical and groundwater data related to the Greater Cairo area is of a great importance in the current research. To verify this model, ground surface and lateral wall deformations were investigated and compared with field measurement of case studies. Simple deformations envelopes were deduced based on numerical modeling of various case studies to be utilized in the prediction of the induced deformations due to deep excavation.