الفهرس 
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Abstract
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell division and growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Possible signs and symptoms include a lump, abnormal bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained weight loss and a change in bowel movements. There are many types of cancers classified according to cell type that the tumor cells resemble and are therefore presumed to be the origin of the tumor. There are many treatments of cancer including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy and treatment with natural products (plants, microbial sources and marine products). Used treatments are depending on the type, location and grade of the cancer.
The current study was carried out to investigate the therapeutic effects of both leaf and fruit extracts of Annona muricata on the EAC-bearing mice. To achieve this goal, 88 of female Swiss mice weighed 25-30g were adapted to the laboratory environment for one week and then they were divided into five separated groups. group I: (Normal control group), 8 normal mice were received 0.2 ml of 0.9% NaCl daily for 11 consecutive days.
group II: ( EAC group), 20 mice were intraperitoneally received EAC cells (2×106cells/mouse) to induce peritoneal cancer.
group III: (Leaf extract treated group), 20 mice were orally treated with leaf extract after 48 hours from intraperitoneal injection with EAC cell at a daily dose of 200 mg/kg body weight for 9 consecutive days.
group IV: (Fruit extract treated group), 20 mice were orally treated with fruit extract after 48 hours from intraperitoneal injection of EAC cell with at a daily dose of 200 mg/kg body weight for 9 consecutive days.
group V: (Cisplatin treated group), 20 mice were intraperitoneally treated with cisplatin after 48 hours from intraperitoneal injection with EAC at a daily dose of 2 mg/kg body weight for 9 consecutive days.
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Total experimental period was 11 days, after 24 hours from the last treatment dose, 8 mice of each group were scarified and the blood samples, ascetic fluid and one half of liver tissues were collected for the study of hematological and biochemical analysis, antitumor activity parameters .While the other half of the removed liver and the two kidneys were fixed in 10% formalin for histopathological examination. Various biochemical changes and abnormalities were shown in serum and tissues could be summarized as follows:
EAC group (positive control group): showed a significant increase in the viability, counting of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma and in the fluid volume. This group also showed a significant increase in tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), white blood cells (WBCs) count, serum aspartate transaminase (AST), serum alanine amino transferase (ALT) and serum creatinine levels, hemoglobin level (Hb), red blood cells (RBCs) and platelet counts, serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC), liver catalase activity (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH) in comparison to negative control group.
Leaf extract treated group: showed a significant decrease in the viability, counting of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma and fluid volume in comparison to EAC group. This group also showed a significant decrease in liver malondialdehyde (MDA), serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), white blood cells (WBCs) count, serum aspartate transaminase (AST), serum alanine amino transferase (ALT) and serum creatinine levels in comparison to EAC group. And also showed a significant increase in hemoglobin level (Hb), red blood cells (RBCs) and platelets count, serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC), liver catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and reduced glutathione (GSH) level in comparison to EAC group.
Fruit extract treated group: This group showed a significant increase in hemoglobin level (Hb), red blood cells (RBCs) and platelets counts in comparison
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to EAC group. And this group also showed a significant increase in liver superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, reduced glutathione (GSH) level, serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and liver catalase (CAT) activity. On other hand, the fruit extract treated group showed a significant decrease in the viability and counting of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, and decrease in the fluid volume in comparison to EAC group. And this group also showed a significant decrease in liver malondialdehyde (MDA), serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, white blood cells (WBCs) count, serum aspartate transaminase (AST), serum alanine amino transferase (ALT) and serum creatinine levels in comparison to EAC group.
Cisplatin treated group: Showed a significant decrease in the viability and counting of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma and decrease in the fluid volume in comparison to EAC group. In addition, this group showed a significant decrease in liver malondialdehyde (MDA) level, serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, white blood cells (WBCs) count, serum aspartate transaminase (AST), serum alanine amino transferase (ALT) and serum creatinine levels in comparison to EAC group. On other hand, cisplatin treated group showed a significant increase in hemoglobin level (Hb), red blood cells (RBCs) and platelet counts in comparison to EAC group. And this group also showed a significant increase in tissue superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, tissue reduced glutathione (GSH) level, serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) level and tissue catalase (CAT) activity in comparison to EAC group.
Microscopic and histopathological examination of liver tissue of EAC group showed extensive growth of malignant Ehrlich carcinoma cells on the outer surface of the liver in which presented as groups and sheets. Liver tissue also showed marked hydropic degeneration of hepatocytes and infiltration by tumor cells to liver tissue with marked inflammatory reaction. These abnormalities were healed after treatment of EAC mice with A. muricata leaf and fruit extracts.
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Histopathological examination of kidney tissue in EAC group showed extensive growth of malignant Ehrlich carcinoma cells on the outer surface of the kidney presented as multiple layers. Kidney tissue showed marked hydropic degeneration of tubular epithelium with marked swelling of cytoplasm and marked congestion of vessels with areas of hemorrhage and focal cystic changes. These abnormalities change were treated with Annona muricata leaf and fruit extract.
Along these findings, the present study could certify that the treatment with A. muricata leaf and fruit extracts could normalized the various biochemical and histological abnormalities resulted due to cancer disorders.