الفهرس 
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Abstract
The overall goal of this study is to find an alternative source of water in arid areas through the use of laboratory prepared nanomaterials and using these nanomaterials for treatment water pollution in San El-Hager area. The investigated area lies in the Nile Delta region north Egypt at longitudes of 31° 49’ to 31° 58’ E and latitudes of 30° 50’ to 31° 30’ N. The study area was selected to evaluate the possibility using the prepared nanomaterials in water treatment. Also, this study is concerned with the evaluation of the hydrochemical setting of water resources (surface water and groundwater) to assess the hydrochemical processes affecting water quality (leaching, dissolution, cation exchange, etc). In addition, mineralization, geochemical evolution and evaluation of groundwater for different uses have also been discussed. Twenty water samples (10 ground water samples and 10 surface water samples) were collected from the study area. All samples were analyzed in field to estimate the pH, EC, depth to water and total depth. All laboratory analysis for all samples were conducted in central laboratories, Desert Research Center to estimate the concentration of major and minor components such as calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, carbonate, bicarbonate, sulfates and chlorides in addition to organic metal, trace and heavy metals.
The preparation of nanomaterials, characterization andevaluation the performance in the treatment process of polluted water samples in the study area were conducted.
The main results of the study were as follows:
1. The chemical analysis of the water samples showed that the majority of water samples (50 %) are related to brackish, 30 % is saline - extremely saline and only 20 % is fresh.
2. It is found that, Chloride Sodium that characterizing all water samples except sample no (9) which is sodium sulfate. This reflects the role of leaching and dissolution processes of marine deposits and high evaporation process especially in shallow water wells in addition to the old recharge of groundwater with a long water-rock interaction.
3. The study of the relationship between surface water and groundwater in the study area usingthe sholler’s diagram, where found that the more advancedstage of chemical development (chloride > sulfate >bicarbonate) characterize most of the groundwater samples,these results show that the groundwater in the area wasaffected by marine salts. Also, these results were confirmedby drawing Piper’s diagram, where found that most of thegroundwater samples are located in the region 7 (strong basesand acids). So, the origin of the groundwater is rainwater which affected by marine salts.
4. The Hydrogeochemical processes affecting the quality of groundwater as a result of interaction between the groundwater and water bearing-Formations were studied. These processes include dissolution and erosion of carbonate, leaching and dissolutions, ion exchange and finally oxidation-reduction. the study showed that the groundwater was affected by leaching and dissolution processes of marine deposits, as well as presence of ion exchange of sodium and potassium in the water with calcium and magnesium in the rocks, or vice versa, also the studyshowed that the reduction processes of sulfate ions is the dominant.
5. Different methods have been conducted to evaluate the using of groundwater for the purposes such as human and drinking, domestic use, agriculture, and industry.
The study showed that:
• It was obvious that, according to the total dissolved solid, all water samples (ground, surface water) are unsuitable for human drinking except (No. 20, canal ) has 829.62 mg L-1 which is suitable for human drinking.
• For the purposes of laundry & domestic and industry, it is found that all the water samples (surface water, groundwater) in the study area are unsuitable for domestic and laundry uses as values of total hardness, exceed 180 mg/L.
• For the purposes of irrigation, about 60 % of groundwater samples are unsuitable for irrigating any type of crops, whil; 20 % are suitable for Semi-tolerant corps, while; 10% is suitable for Sensitive crops and 10% is suitable for Tolerant crops. On the other hand; about 70 % of surface water samples are suitable for Sensitive crops, 20% are suitable for Semi-tolerant corps and 10% is unsuitable for irrigating any type of crops.
• For industrial purposes, all water samples (surface and ground) are unsuitable for industrial uses, where the values of the total hardness range between 382.13 to 5527.46 mg L-1 at surface water, while; between 538.61 to 10,746.95 mg L-1.
6- For Groundwater pollution:
• Biochemical oxygen Demand (BOD): most of water samples have high BOD values than the acceptable level of pollution.
• Chemical oxygen Demand (COD): All samples of water samples (ground and surface) from study area have more than the acceptable level of pollution of COD (10mg L-1).
• Total organic carbon (TOC):All samples of water samples (ground and surface) from study area have more than the acceptable level of pollution of TOC (10mg L-1).
7- For archaeological sites, all ground water especially in Tall El –Hager area have salinity affected on archeological sites.
• from above study, it is found that the area suffers from high polluted water and a shortage of water resources. For this reason, many trials have been made to synthesize of the nanomateriale that can be used in treatment of polluted waters to render suitable water for drinking and irrigation.
The factors affecting on nanomateriales shawon as follows:
1. Concentration of nanomateriale.
2. Amount of nanomateriale.
3. pH
4. concentration of dye (MB)
Characterization of Nanomateriales:
Characterization of the synthetic nanomaterials were carried out through FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, particale sizeand the change in morphology by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) as follows:-
1. Using FT-IR spectroscopy, it is found that the spectrum indicates the appearance of characteristic peaks of copper oxide and titanium dioxide. In addition to the characteristic peaks which appear with addition of copper oxide to titanium dioxide nanoparticles, which confirm the chemical interaction between them
2. X-ray diffraction showed the amorphous characteristics TiO2, CuO and CuO/TiO2. It is found that CuO/TiO2 nanoparticale is mixture between CuO and TiO2.
3. Studying the changing of surface morphology of the prepared nanomateriale using scanning electronic spectroscopy, showed that the that pure and doped TiO2 nano sized crystallites agglomerate into porouspoly- hedral particles while CuO and 1% CuO/TiO2present as coarsening Particles with low level of agglomeration but other different concentration of CuO/TiO2 with high level of agglomeration.
4. Studying the particale size of nanomateriales, it is observed that particle size of CuO/TiO2 is mixture between CuO and TiO2, similarly to found in SEM.
Study of the performance and the application of the preparedmembranes in the desalination process:
Two groundwater samples with different pollution were selected to investigate the behaviour of water pollution during the treatment process.
The first sample was surface water with TOC,COD and BOD of 100, 86.4, 12.1 mg/L, respectively. The second sample was groundwater with TOC, COD and BOD of 180, 144, 96.4 mg/L, respectively.The results show that; after 1 hr, CuO/TiO2 metal oxide can be used with efficiency up to 100% in treatment water organic pollution (TOC,COD and BOD).