الفهرس 
Anatomy of collecting systemOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The kidneys serve important functions, including filtration and
excretion of metabolic waste products (urea and ammonium); regulation
of necessary electrolytes, fluid, and acid-base balance; and stimulation of
red blood cell production. They also serve to regulate blood pressure via
the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, controlling reabsorption of
water and maintaining intravascular volume. The kidneys also reabsorb
glucose and amino acids and have hormonal functions via erythropoietin,
calcitriol, and vitamin D activation.
AKI, previously called acute renal failure, is an abrupt loss of
kidney function that develops within 7 days. Its causes are numerous.
Generally it occurs because of damage to the kidney tissue caused by
decreased renal blood flow (renal ischemia) from any cause (e.g. low
blood pressure), exposure to substances harmful to the kidney, an
inflammatory process in the kidney, or an obstruction of the urinary tract
which impedes the flow of urine. AKI is diagnosed on the basis of
characteristic laboratory findings, such as elevated blood urea nitrogen
and creatinine, or inability of the kidneys to produce sufficient amounts
of urine. AKI may lead to a number of complications, including
metabolic acidosis, high potassium levels, uremia, changes in body fluid
balance, and effects to other organ systems. Management includes
supportive care, such as renal replacement therapy, as well as treatment
of the underlying disorder.