الفهرس 
chapter 1Only 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Shipping is a significant air pollution source in ports and coastal areas. Burning of fossil fuel always has associated with pollutant emissions. These emissions have environmental impacts that are both local and global. Moreover, in recent years, air quality has become a severe problem in many countries, and the interest to calculate and determine the emission values of the ships crossing the coastal area or harbors has increased.
The present investigation firstly presents background about the Suez Canal specification with its exclusivity and importance to international trade. An overview of the associated environmental, economic and social aspects of the canal is then discussed with a brief summary of the relevant regulations related to the canal operation and the policy environment.
The current study aims to quantify ship exhaust emissions and their contribution to local atmospheric air pollution in the Suez Canal area. The study is performed to evaluate the relevance of shipping as an air polluter, and whether more passing fees according to machinery exhaust rate is an effective emission reduction measure.
The annual emissions are calculated for individual vessels of various types passing and crossing the Canal along one year as a practical and actual example. The annual average number of ships crossing the canal is about 15000 ships. The emissions during sailing in the channel are distinguished from the emissions during different scenarios and modes of ship operation. The machinery exhaust emissions in the forms of nitrogen oxides (NOX), sulfur oxides (SOX), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) are reported. The international methodologies applied to calculate the ship emissions are analyzed and discussed. Only two international marine emissions inventories are used for the present ship emissions calculations. The first method used to evaluate the ship emissions is the US Environmental Protection Agency model (EPA), while the other methodology called ENTEC was applied in European Community and is used here for comparison and verification. The total emissions values appear to be consistently higher in EPA model than the corresponding values in ENTEC model.
The ship emissions from marine power plant are closely related to a set of parameters representing the use of the engine; mainly the type of propulsion and auxiliary machinery, the specifications of used fuel, the temperature of combustion, the operating modes and the cruise speed. The methodology uses both machinery emission factor and fuel consumption as alternatives for the emissions estimates and takes into account the main and auxiliary engines. Whenever fuel consumptions are known, the emissions can be computed with fuel related emission factors for the different navigation phases (cruise, hoteling, maneuvering).
If the fuel consumptions and auxiliary power are not known, a specific methodology is proposed for estimating the auxiliary machinery power and computing emissions based on installed ship propulsion power through a set of developed correlations predicted from the crossing ships data. Also, if the installed ship propulsion power is unknown, a set of specific functions are proposed to evaluate the missing installed power from correlations predicted for the same categories of ships as a function of the ship net tonnage. The functions and correlations are derived for different ship types, using available data of about 10.000 ships selected from Suez Canal authority database. The collected data and variables are grouped and fitted using regression analysis procedures to predict a set of correlations to help the users to estimate the unknown parameters and complete the missing data of any ship with the machinery specifications according to the ship groups. The total emissions emitted from the ship passing in Suez Canal can then be predicted directly using the ship net tonnage.
Finally, the study indicated that Suez Canal is placed under an increasing air pollution threat according to the continuous increase in transiting vessels in both terms of ship size and total net tonnage. The Canal is receiving annually several thousands of pollutant tonnes with a potential increase in the future; container vessels are the main source of air pollution amongst the different types of vessel.