الفهرس 
Liver functional anatomy and histologyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Objective: The present work on male adult albino mice investigated the hepatoprotective role of Chiton extract and Puffer fish extract against hepatotoxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride. The liver was the organ of choice in the present work, since it is considered as pivotal organ in both detoxification and metabolism. Mice were divided into 9 groups, 6 mice in each group, as following. group I: Negative control. group II: Positive Control. group III: Animals given CCl4 (1 ml/kg dissolved in olive oil) twice a week for 6 weeks. group IV: Mice treated for 7 consecutive days with low dose of Chiton extract (10 mg/kg). group V: Animals treated for 7 consecutive days with low dose of Chiton extract (10 mg/kg) then intoxicated with CCl4 as in group III. group VΙ: Mice received high dose of Chiton extract (20 mg/kg) for 7 consecutive days. group VIΙ: Mice received high dose of Chiton extract (20 mg/kg) for 7 consecutive days then intoxicated with CCl4 as in group III. group VIΙΙ: Animals were administered 5 doses of TTX extract (1 μg/kg) every next day for 10 days. group IX: Mice were administered 5 doses of TTX extract (1 μg/kg) every next day for 10 days then intoxicated with CCl4 as in group III. Mice in the above-mentioned groups were sacrificed after 48 hours from the last dose, and blood samples were collected immediately for liver function tests. Besides, the liver was dissected out and examined morphologically then cut into pieces for the histological and histochemical studies.
Results: Chemical studies for Chiton extract, quantitative determination of total antioxidant capacity by phosphomolybdenum method for Chiton (Acanthopleura vaillantii) extract revealed that the total antioxidant activity is equivalent to 3972 ppm of Ascorbic acid as standard.
Determination of free radical scavenging activity of the Chiton extract using % DPPH inhibition were tested at three different concentrations of 13.3, 20 and 40 mg/mL giving three inhibition percentages of DPPH· radical scavenging activity 57.1, 41.3, 24.9 % respectively and IC50 =
31.64 mg/ml. GC-MS analysis of Chiton extract revealed the identification of 23 components most of them are polyphenolic compounds.
Biochemically, no sttattiisttiicall diifferrence iin tthe above-menttiioned parametters among conttroll groups.. The CCll4 group showed hiighlly siigniifiicantt iincrease iin ALT,, AST acttiiviittiies and siigniifiicantt decrease iin Allb..
Chiiton,, Chiitton 10mg + CCll4 group showed hiighlly siigniifiicantt serum ALT and AST llevell when compared tto tthe otther ttestted groups.. Treattmentt wiitth Chiitton exttractt att tthe dose llevell 10 and 20 mg//kg siigniifiicanttlly amelliioratted tthe undesiirablle iimpactt of CCll4 ttoxiiciitty on serum ALT and AST acttiiviitty butt nott tto tthe llevell of tthe unttreatted conttroll.. Onlly ttreattmentt wiitth Chiitton 20 mg coulld briing serum AST and ALT of CCll4//ttreatted miice tto tthe conttroll llevell.. However,, Allb retturned back tto tthe normall iin response tto Chiitton 10 and 20 mg//kg ttreattmentt,, even Chiitton 20 mg + CCll4 group aftter iinttoxiicattiion wiitth CCll4 sttiillll near tto tthe normall..
Puffer fiish,, admiiniisttrattiion of TTX 1 μg onlly siigniifiicanttlly iincrease tthe serum acttiiviitty of ALT,, AST and decrease tthe allbumiin conttentt compared tto tthe conttroll..,, butt allso showed siigniifiicantt decrease compared tto tthe CCll4 group.. Whiille tthe TTX 1 μg + CCll4 group showed siigniifiicantt iimprove iin tthe riise iin serum ALT and AST compared tto CCll4 ttreatted miice butt for allbumiin experiienced iinsiigniifiicantt change iif compared tto tthe CCll4 ttreatted miice..
Histologically, in control groups I and II, hepatocytes appear intact and arranged in the form of strands and the hepatic portal area with its characteristic triad: hepatic portal vein, artery and bile duct. The CCl4 group showed massive vacuolization in parenchyma, and blood sinusoids were obviously dilated. Hepatocytes showed microvesicular fatty degeneration. In portal areas massive fibroplasia was recorded where intensive increase of fibrous connective tissue and fibroblasts were clearly noticed all over the liver tissue.
Chiton, Liver sections of mice treated with 10 mg/kg of chiton extract only showed slight hydropic degeneration, increased activity of Kupffer cells and slight dilation of blood sinusoids. While liver sections of mice injected with 10 mg/kg Chiton + CCl4 showed significant hydropic degeneration, focal necrosis of hepatocytes, increased eosinophilia and cell swelling especially in the periportal zone.
Light microscopical examination of liver sections from animals treated with Chiton 20 mg/kg only showed normal hepatic architecture. Examination of liver sections of mice treated with 20 mg/kg Chiton + CCl4 showed hepatocytes with normal appearance arranged regularly around the central vein.
Puffer fish, Liver sections examined from the mice treated with Tetrodotoxin only exhibited slight hydropic degeneration, inflammatory cells, slightly dilated sinusoids and some with active Kupffer cells. Liver sections of mice treated with Tetrodotoxin + CCl4 showed slight hydropic degeneration, and few hepatocytes were necrotic.