الفهرس 
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Postmortem findingsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Mannhiemia hemolytica is one of the most pathogens responsible for remarkable respiratory affection in upper and lower respiratory tracts in sheep inducing colossal economic losses in the productive capacities of the infected flocks.
This study was planned to perform clinical examination of sheep with respiratory manifestation, to isolate and identify M. haemolytica from upper and lower respiratory tract of clinically suspected cases and molecular identification of clinically suspected cases with bacteriologically negative M. haemolytica. To achieve these goals, collection of total number of 127 samples from sheep were consisted of48 from individual cases and 79 from farm used for mutton was performed for conventional culture isolation, microscopic, biochemical and molecular identification of the isolated M.hemolytica by PCR using specific primer.from clinical point of view, a total number of 500 sheep were examined and 127 (25.4%) were clinically suspected for respiratory affections based on the observed clinical findings. Various signs of respiratory disorders that include Fever (ranged from 40°C to 42°C) with anorexia, depression.& Mouth breathing due to the nasal passages was blocked with copious gelatinous discharge & bilateral mucopurulent nasal discharges and crusting around the nostrils and lacrimation &Remarkable congestion of the Ocular mucous membrane &Cough was prominent and frequent and usually associated with expulsion of nasal discharges after coughing.78 addition to these findings, in lambs less than one year the clinical findings were severe and the affected lambs were usually foundin recumbence position with exaggerated respiratory efforts. The respiration of affected lambs was obviously abdominal type with extremely expiration. The affected lamb have a characteristic position: Arched back, tenacious nasal discharge, abdominal tucked-up and bubbly or foamy salivation .from bacteriological point of view, out of 127 examined sheep, 13(27.08%) from individual cases bacteriologically M. haemolytica positive and 57 (72.15%) from farm used for mutton typical M. haemolytica from sheep. 57 bacteria associated with such affections were isolated in mixedform . M.hemolytica and Mycoplasma infection were isolated from 30 out >of 57(52.63%) from farm used for mutton. On the other hand M.