الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study was carried out during two successive seasons of 2014 and 2015 on Flame seedless grapes (Vitis vinifera L.). Grapevines were about 5 years old and trained by bilateral horizontal cordon system and planted at 1.5×3.5 meter apart under flood irrigation system on loamy soil in a private orchard, at sammannod region, Gharbiya Governorate, Egypt.
This investigation included two independent experiments as follows:
The first experiment: Effect of nano carbon and nitrogen fertilization rates on growth, leaf mineral content, yield and fruit quality of Flame seedless grape.
Grapevines received normal cultural practices as well as soil fertilized with the recommended N fertilization level (50 g N / vine / year) in both organic and mineral forms (control). The used nitrogen form was ammonium sulphate. Three rates of nitrogen fertilization (80%, 60% and 40%) from the recommended level combined with three rates of multi walled carbon nano tubes (MWCNTs) (0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6%) from the nitrogen amount in each rate. MWCNTs were purchased from Sigma Aldrich; its diameter is 110-170 nm, length: 5-9 micron.
This experiment aimed to:
• Save the N fertilizer amounts needed for good production.
• Increasing efficiency of N fertilizer amounts.
• Reducing the harmful effect of mineral fertilization.
Besides studying the effect of using nano carbon with nitrogen fertilizer on some growth parameters, leaf mineral content, yield and fruit quality.
The second experiment: Effect of nano zinc spraying on growth, leaf mineral content, yield and fruit quality of Flame seedless grape.
Grapevines were sprayed with:T1 Tap water only(control),T2 zinc sulphate at 565 ppm, T3 zinc EDTA at 140 ppm, T4 nano zinc at 0.4 ppm, T5 nano zinc at 0.8 ppm and T6 nano zinc at 1.2 ppm. Nano zinc used was 25 nm in diameter.
This experiment aimed to:
• Reduce the harmful effect of mineral fertilization.
• Increase efficiency of Zn fertilizer.
Besides studying the effect of nano zinc on some growth parameters, leaf mineral content, yield and fruit quality.
The obtained results could be summarized as follows:
The first experiment: Effects of nano carbon and nitrogen fertilization rates on growth, leaf mineral content, yield and fruit quality of Flame seedless grape.
a- Growth parameters.
Leaf area, fresh and dry weight of leaves: 80 % N + 0.6 % CNT gave the highest significant values (218.71 & 221.71 cm2), (5.50 & 5.40 g), (1.72 & 1.58 g), respectively, comparing with all other treatments in the two seasons. While 40 % N + 0.2 % CNT treatment gave the lowest values (157.61 & 161.27 cm2), (2.87 & 2.80 g) and (1.11 & 0.94 g), respectively, comparing with all other treatments in both seasons.
Shoot length and number of leaves / shoot: 80 %N + 0.6% CNT treatment gave the highest values (56.67 & 58.66 cm), (27.45 & 29.11), respectively comparing with all other treatments in the two seasons with insignificant difference with control. While 40 % N + 0.2 % CNT treatment gave the lowest values (33.25 & 44.25 cm) and (17.89 & 16.89), respectively, in the both seasons comparing with all other treatments.
Shoot diameter: No significant difference was detected among treatments in the two seasons.
Leaf total chlorophyll value: 80 % N + 0.6 % CNT treatment gave the highest values (34.80 and 36.26 spad) comparing with all other treatments in the two seasons with insignificant difference with the control.
Cane total carbohydrates content: 80 % N + 0.6 % CNT treatment gave the highest significant values (6.08 and 6.61 %) comparing with all other treatments in the two seasons.
b- Leaf mineral content:
1-Macro elements
Leaf nitrogen percentage: 80 % N + 0.6 % CNT treatment recorded the highest significant values (1.56 %) comparing with all other treatments in the first season.While 80 % N + 0.6 % CNT, 80 % N + 0.4 % CNT and 60% N +0.6% CNT treatments recorded the highest value (1.43 %) with no significance as compared each other in the second season.
Leaf phosphorus percentage: 80 % N + 0.6 % CNT treatment recorded the highest values (0.21 and 0.25 %) with insignificant difference with control in the two seasons.
Leaf potassium percentage: 80 % N + 0.6 % CNT treatment recorded the highest significant values (2.16 %) comparing with all other treatments in the first season. The same treatment recorded the highest insignificant value (1.93 %) comparing with control in the second season.
Leaf calcium percentage: There was no significant difference between treatments in both seasons.
Leaf magnesium percentage: 80 % N + 0.6 % CNT treatment recorded the highest significant values (0.59 %) comparing with all other treatments in the first season. The same treatment recorded the highest insignificant value (0.45 %) comparing with the control in the second season.
2-Micro elements.
Leaf iron content as ppm: 80 % N + 0.6 % CNT treatment recorded the highest insignificant values (136 ppm) comparing with all other treatments in the first season. The same treatment recorded the highest significant value (139 ppm) comparing with all other treatments in the second season.
Leaf zinc content as ppm: control treatment recorded the highest value in the first season (50 ppm) with no significant difference than 80 % N + 0.6 % CNT (49 ppm) and with 80 % N + 0.2 % CNT (47 ppm). While 80 % N + 0.6 % CNT treatment recorded the highest value (50 ppm) in the second season with no significant difference than the control (49 ppm) and 80 % N + 0.2 % CNT (47 ppm).
Leaf manganese content as ppm: there was no significant difference among treatments in the first season. While 80 % N + 0.6 % CNT treatment recorded the highest value (118 ppm) with no significant difference than the control in the second season.
1- Effect of nano carbon and nitrogen fertilization rates on yield, number of clusters/vine and cluster weight.
Yield and number of clusters/vine: 80 % N + 0.6 % CNT treatment recorded the highest values in yield and no. of cluster/ vine (15.00 & 15.79 kg) and (33.33 & 34.33), respctively in both seasons with no significant difference than the control.
Cluster weight: No significant difference between treatments was observed.
2- Effect of nano carbon and nitrogen fertilization rates on fruit quality:
a- Physical properties:
Cluster length: Treatment of 80 % N + 0.6 % CNT recorded the highest values (24.33 and 24.33 cm) in both seasons with no significant difference than the control.
Cluster width: 80 % N + 0.6 % CNT treatment recorded the highest values (16.6 and 16.66 cm) in both seasons with no significant difference than the control.
Weight of 100 berries: 80 % N + 0.6 % CNT treatment gave the highest significant values (312 and 336.66 g) between treatments in both seasons.
Juice weight of 100 berries: Treatment of 80 % N + 0.6 % CNT recorded the highest significant values (181.0 and 178.0 g) in the both seasons.
b- Chemical properties:
Juice T.S.S%: 80 % N + 0.6 % CNT treatment recorded the highest values in the both seasons (18.0 and 17.66 %) with no significant difference than the control.
Juice acidity%:The highest values in both seasons (0.83 and 0.83 %) was obtained from 80 % N + 0.6 % CNT treatment with no significant difference between treatments.
Skin anthocyanin content: 80 % N + 0.6 % CNT treatment gave the highest significant values (40.12 and 40.84 mg / 100 g) in both seasons.
The second experiment: Effect of nano zinc spraying on growth, leaf mineral content, yield and fruit quality of Flame seedless grape.
a- Growth parameters.
Leaf area, leaf fresh and dry weight: Spraying 0.4 ppm of nano zinc gave the highest significant values (197.17 and 195.83 cm2), (3.40 and 3.80 g), (1.13 and 1.73 g), respectively in both seasons.
Shoot length: Spraying 0.4 ppm of nano zinc gave the highest value (54.67 cm) in the first season with no significant difference than Zn EDTA treatment.While 0.8 ppm of nano zinc gave the highest value (54.66 cm) in the second season without significant difference than 0.8 ppm nano zinc treatment.
Shoot diameter, number of leaves / shoot and leaf total chlorophyll value: There was no significant difference between treatments for branch diameter, number of leaves / branch and total chlorophyll in both seasons.
Cane total carbohydrates content: Spraying 1.2 ppm of nano zinc gave the highest significant values (6.89 and 6.8 %) between treatments in both seasons.
b-Effect of nano zinc spraying on leaf mineral content.
1-Macro elements
Leaf nitrogen percentage: 0.8 ppm nano zinc treatment recorded the highest value (1.44 %) in the first season than no significant difference with 0.4 ppm nano zinc (1.42 %). While there was no significant difference between treatments in the second season.
Leaf phosphorus percentage: Treatment of 0.8 ppm nano zinc recorded the highest significant values (0.20 and 0.21 %) in both seasons.
Leaf potassium percentage: 565 ppm of zinc sulphate recorded the highest significant value (2.16 %) in the first season.While control treatment recorded the highest value (1.70%) in the second season without significant difference between treatments.
Leaf calcium percentage: control treatment recorded the highest significant value (1.68 %) in the first season.The same treatment gave the highest insignificant value (1.63%) in the second season.
Leaf magnesium percentage: 565 ppm of zinc sulphate recorded the highest value (0.56%) in the first season with no significant difference than the control. While, there was no significant difference between treatments in the second season.
2-Micro elements.
Leaf iron content as ppm: 1.2 ppm of nano zinc recorded the highest significant value (138 ppm) in the first season. While there was no significant difference between treatments in the second season.
Leaf zinc content as ppm: Treatment of 1.2 ppm nano zinc recorded the highest value (69 ppm) with no significant difference than treatment of 0.8 ppm nano zinc (68 ppm) in the first season. In the second season 1.2 ppm nano zinc treatment recorded also the highest value (69 ppm) with no significant difference than 0.4 or 0.8 ppm nano zinc.
Leaf manganese content as ppm: 1.2 ppm of nano zinc recorded the highest value (111 ppm) in the first season with no significant difference than the other treatments. While treatment of 0.8 ppm nano zinc gave the highest value (118 ppm) in the second season with no significant difference than the other treatments.
2-Effect of nano zinc spraying on yield, cluster weight and number of clusters/vine.
Yield: Vines treated with 1.2 ppm nano zinc gave the highest value (14.57 kg) with no significant difference than 0.4 or 0.8 ppm nano zinc in the first season. While 0.8 ppm of nano zinc gave the highest value (15.18 kg) in the second season with no significant difference than 0.4 or 1.2 ppm nano zinc.
Cluster weight: Treatment of 0.8 ppm nano zinc gave the highest value (398 g) in the first season with no significant difference than the other nano zinc treatments. In the second season, 1.2 ppm nano zinc gave the highest value (465 g) with no significant difference than 0.8 ppm of nano zinc.
Number of clusters /vine: Spraying 1.2 ppm as nano zinc gave the highest significant value (37.3 cluster) in the first season.While spraying 0.4 ppm nano zinc gave the highest value (33.6 cluster) with no significant difference than the other nano zinc treatments.
3- Effect of nano zinc spraying on fruit quality:
a- Physical properties:
Cluster length: Applying 0.8 ppm as nano zinc gave the highest value in both seasons (23.67 and 24.66 cm) with no significant difference than the other nano zinc treatments.
Cluster width: There was no significant difference among treatments in the both seasons.
Weight of 100 berries: Spraying vines with 0.8 ppm nano zinc gave the highest significant values (160.83 and 153.63 g) in both seasons.
b-Chemical properties:
Juice T.S.S%: There was no significant difference among treatments in the both seasons.
Juice acidity%: Treated vines with 565 ppm as zinc sulphate recorded the highest significant value in the first season.While there was no significant difference between treatments in the second season.
Skin anthocyanin content: Spraying vines with 0.8 ppm nano zinc gave the highest significant values (33.26 and 33.37 mg / 100 g) in both seasons.
CONCLUSION:
Finally from the obtained results in the first experiment, it could be concluded that fertilizing Flame seedless grapevines with 80 % N from the recommended dose of N + 0.6 % CNT was the most effective treatment for increasing some vegetative parameters (leaf area, leaf fresh weight and leaf dry weight), leaf mineral content ( N, P, K and Mg), total carbohydrate, total chlorophyll, fruit quality (weight of 100 berries and juice weight of 100 berries and fruit skin anthocyanin content) of Flame seedless grapes.
from the second experiment, It could be concluded that spraying vines with 0.4 ppm as nano zinc was the most effective treatment for increasing some vegetative parameters (leaf area, leaf fresh weight and leaf dry weight), leaf mineral content (Fe, Zn), total carbohydrate, fruit quality (no. clusters/vine, cluster weight and yield as kg and fruit skin anthocyanin content) of Flame seedless grapes.