الفهرس 
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
SUMMARY
Wadi El-Natrun area lies in the northeastern region of Western Desert to the west of the Nile Delta of Arab Republic of Egypt at the area between cities Cairo and Alexandria, between kilometer 78 to kilometer 136 at the Cairo-Alexandria Desert Road, between longitudes, 30º 6´ and 30º 30´ E and latitudes, 30º 16´ and 30º 30´ N. Wadi El-Natrun is a narrow depression 23 m below sea level, regarded as an extremely arid region of Egypt, little rainfall. The climatic conditions of Wadi El-Natrun area are those characterizing the desert areas of Egypt. It is characterized by a hot and long rainless summer; the precipitation is rare, Daily evaporation is high.
Wadi El-Natrun is selected for this study due to groundwater at Wadi El-Natrun is the main source of water in this area, Many studies have been done on Wadi El-Natrun but this different studies focused only on geological, geophysical, hydrological studies and few studies have low significance to environmental and hydrogeochemical properties of groundwater quality compared with monitoring the rate of agricultural and urban expansion.
Water samples have been collected from 60 random wells at Wadi El-Natrun. The physicochemical parameters of collected samples were detected, the result of this samples subjected to statistical reliability check to detect the error results from analysis process, then
conduct this results to hydro-chemical and hydro-geochemical studies of the study area.
Topographic parameters such as contour, elevation, slope, aspect and Hill shade maps in addition morphometric analysis of the main basins at study area and updating geological and morphological maps for the study area have been done using data (90 m resolution) from the (SRTM DEM) as one tools of (GIS) as the following;-
1- Elevation maps have shown that min. elevation -20 m below sea level along and around the study area to the max. Elevation 180 m above sea level at the south-west part of the study area.
2- Aspect map showed that the direction of slope at the area of study was the slope direction toward the north to northeast and south to south-west.
3- Slope map showed that plains surrounding Wadi El-Natrun area are of light to moderate sloping with a dip angle ranging from 0.5°to 8°.
4- The results of morphometric analysis of DEM (linear aspect (La) the Areal aspects (Aa) and Relief Aspects (Ra)). Showed that there are two main basins at Wadi El-Natrun area. Their morphometric parameters were detected as the following:-
• The main flow direction toward north, northeast, and south.
• Basin one (B-1) which is considered the largest basin where they cover the entire study area. Linear aspects results showed that the total number of 66 streams found in this basin linked up to the 4th
order with 350.45 Km length and Bifurcation ratio 2.81 which moderate ratio indicates that the geologic structures don’t distort the drainage pattern. Areal aspects results indicate this streams spreading over an area of 563.5 km², with low drainage density of 0.62 km/km2, elongation ratio for basin one 0.34 while circulation ratio of 0.26, has length 39 Km and width 14.5 Km that mean basin one more elongated, not circle shape this means that the water takes a long distance and reaches weak and dispersed as a result of evaporation, high permeability of the subsoil condition, which reduces the exposure to flooding. Relief Aspects results showed that basin one has low relief ratio is 5.12 m/Km with moderate relative relief 120.48.
• Basin two (B-2) smaller than basin one, Linear aspects results showed that, the total number of 11 streams found in this basin linked up to the 3rd order with 15 Km length and Bifurcation ratio 1.8 which low ratio indicate that the geologic structures don’t distort the drainage pattern. Areal aspects results indicate this streams spreading over an area of 55.84km², with low drainage density of 0.27 km/km2, elongation ratio for basin two 0.38 while circulation ratio of 0.39, has length 11.5 Km and width 4.8 Km that mean basin two elongated not circle shape this means that the water takes a long distance and reaches weak and dispersed as a result of evaporation, high permeability of the subsoil condition, which reduces the exposure to flooding. Relief Aspects results
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showed that basin two has low relief ratio is 7.3 m/Km with moderate relative relief 189.17.
RS integrate with GIS studies were applied to the Landsat TM imageries during the studied period (1984 and 2003) and Centennial two of (2016) to detect change in the land cover and land use we found that there are extensively increasing in reclamation, agriculture land covered all north, northwest, and northeast of Wadi El-Natrun while extension in agriculture at south in increasing occupying with urbanization while decreasing in desert area.
Results of physicochemical parameters of 60 wells samples showed that Groundwater at Wadi El-Natrun slightly alkaline to alkaline where the pH values range within 7.5 to 8.7 with a mean value of 8.065, have temperature values range from 17 to 21.5 with an average value of 18.78 Co. (EC) values range from 836 to 9556 μS/cm with an average value of 3678.6 μS/cm. TDS values within range 545 to 6112 with a mean value of 2389 mg/L.
from the discussion of the results of the physiochemical parameters we conclude that the groundwater in Wadi El-Natrun are alkaline, Moderately mineralized water (1.7%), Highly mineralized water (1.7% ) and Excessively mineralized water (96.7%) and 3%Fresh, 32% fairly fresh, 25% Slightly Brackish, 12% Brackish, 13% definitely brackish 15% slightly saline.
Na+ is the most domain cation in the studied groundwater samples of Wadi El-Natrun. Other cations take order less than sodium by the following arranged (Na+> Ca2+ > Mg2+ >K+) while Cl- is the most domain anions in the studied groundwater samples of Wadi El-Natrun. Other anions take order less than chloride by the following arranged (Cl-> SO42- > HCO3- > CO32-).
concentration of trace elements in the groundwater samples recorded for (Fe) has range within 0.3 to 0.03 with average 0.133 ppm, (Mn) has range within 0.01 to 0.13 with average 0.1 ppm, Pb has range within 0.001 to 0.004 with average 0.002 ppm, Cu has range within 0.03 to 0.17 with average 0.083 ppm, while another trace element such as (Co, Ni, Cr, Cd, As) not detected in 100% of the wells under study.
According to hydrogeochemical facies integrated with hydrochemical process indicate that:-
• Correlation between TDS Vs [Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ , HCO- ,CO32-,Cl-,SO42 ] in addition EC value and PH, where TDS have linearly strong, Correlation with [EC, Na, SO4, Cl, ], moderate Correlation with [Ca, Mg, K], have very weak correlate with [PH, CO3, HCO3].
• On the basis of (Gibbs, 1970) diagram, ions in the groundwater at study area result from mixed controlling mechanism [rock–water interaction and evaporation].
• On the basis of (Piper, 1944) diagram its observed that the most of groundwater samples about 100% of groundwater samples fall into (Na+K) field in cation facies while 76% and 24 % of groundwater samples fall into the Cl and no dominant fields in anion facies respectively, 100% of chemical composition obtained from groundwater sample fall in the field of (Na-Cl) type.
• Na/Cl molar ratio indicate ion exchange is the major process for releasing Na+ in groundwater, The (Ca2++Mg2+ vs. HCO3− +SO4− ),( Ca2++Mg2+ vs. HCO3−)scatter diagram indicating that the silicate weathering is additional sources of the Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions to the groundwater, weathering, dissolution of salt deposits as evaporate in study area, weathering of sulfate and gypsum-bearing sedimentary rocks and irrigation drainage return flow are responsible for Cl- and SO42- contents in the groundwater
• By clustering of groundwater hydrochemical data based on anions, eight groups and ten subgroups of water type were detected G1(Chloride), G2(Chloride-Bicarbonate), G3(Bicarbonate- Chloride),G4(Chloride- Sulphate), G5(Sulphate-Chloride), G6(Chloride-Bicarbonate Sulphate), G7(Chloride- Sulphate-Bicarbonate ), G8(Sulphate Chloride-Bicarbonate ) water type.
• By clustering of groundwater hydrochemical data based on cations two groups G1 (Sodium-Calcium) and G2 (Sodium- Magnesium) types.
• According to (Chadha, 1999) diagram about 100 % of studied groundwater samples of Wadi El-Natrun fall in Na+-Cl-, Na2SO42- Water Type.
• Classification of 12 parameters of hydrochemical data [TDS, EC,PH, Na+,Ca2+,Mg2+,k+,CO32-,HCO3-,SO42-,Cl-,NO3-] by Hierarchical cluster analysis based on similarity and Euclidian geometric distance among observation, rule of Ward’s method Ward (1963) into two major groups (G1 and G2) and four subgroups (SG1, SG2, SG3, SG4), based on (Piper, 1944) diagram its observed that this subgroups of groundwater samples of Wadi El-Natrun fall in (sodium- chloride) and (sodium- sulfate) Water Type.
Assess of groundwater of Wadi El-Natrun for drinking purpose compared with (WHO, 2006), (ESL, 2007), (NPI) and Toxic Metal indicated that:-
• Compared with (WHO, 2006), (ESL, 2007) showed that All water samples appeared colorless and odorless the temperatures of groundwater samples suitable for drinking. (TDS) of water samples were 100% of the wells out of permissible limits, 100% of the wells have the permissible pH range. Most of the wells
under study have EC greater than the normal range for drinking water. Na+ and K+ concentration exceeded the permissible limits for drinking water, Ca2+ and Mg2+concentration recorded normal ratio less than the highest rate permitted. (Cl-) concentration results indicated that 93% of the wells out of the permissible range of drinking water, (NO3-) Concentration were 53% of wells is higher than the acceptable concentration in drinking water.
• For heavy Metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, and Pb) less than permissible limits. (Ni), (Cd), (As) and (Cr) not detected in 100% of the wells under study.
• NPI values for groundwater after calculated indicated that 92% of the wells at Wadi El-Natrun are clean from nitrate pollution.
Assess the quality of groundwater at Wadi El-Natrun for domestic purpose done by detected Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), Total Hardness (TH) and Corrosivity Ratio (CR).
• Based on TDS according to Bruvold and Daniels 1990 classification for TDS about 85% of the wells under study unsuitable for domestic purpose.
• Based on TH according to Sawyer and McCarty, 1967 about 98% of the wells under study consider being soft for domestic purpose.
• Based on CR according to Ryzner, 1944 100% of the wells under study consider being not safe for domestic purpose The area
having higher corrosivity ratio (>1), need non-corrosive pipe during water supply.
Assess the quality of groundwater at Wadi El-Natrun for irrigation by calculating the following parameters TDS, EC, SAR, RSC, SSP, MAR, and Cl- contents, and this parameter indicate that:-
• 100% of EC and TDS value of studied well marked as not suitable for irrigation according to (Fipps, 2003) classification.
• Based on the SAR values according to (Todd, 1980) classification, 90% of samples have low sodium hazard where 27% excellent, 62% good 8%, doubtful and 3% unsuitable.
• Based on the SSP values according to (Todd, 2006) classification, 90% of samples have low sodium hazard where 63% doubtful and 32% unsuitable.
• According to (Wilcox, 1955) diagram about 9% falls under Permissible to doubtful, 32% doubtful to unsuitable 59% unsuitable for irrigation categories.
• Based on the RSC values according to (Todd, 1980) classification where 73% excellent, 15% doubtful and 12% unsuitable.
• Based on the MAR values according to (Todd, 1980) classification were 52% excellent, 48% Hazard.
• According to (Doneen, 1964), based on the value Permeability Index (PI) where 42% of groundwater samples fall in Class I and 52% fall in Class II which consider to be suitable for irrigation while little 6% fall in Class III unsuitable for irrigation.
• Based on the CI values according to (Hagen, 1987) classification where 83% have high effects on sensitive crops.
Assess the quality of groundwater at Wadi El-Natrun for livestock and purity drinking Purpose did by detected Total Dissolved Solid (TDS).
• Based on TDS according to Ayers and Westcot (1985) classification groundwater at Wadi El-Natrun classified as 16% Excellent for both livestock and poultry, 53% Very satisfactory, 23% Satisfactory for livestock and Unfit for poultry, 8% Limited use for livestock and Unfit for poultry.