الفهرس 
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Abstract
The study was carried out in the apiary of Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University; and continued from the late summer of 2015 till March of 2018. Twenty one honey bee colonies of the first hybrid carniolan bees (A. mellifera carnica) headed sister queens were randomly selected from the apiary and equalized in strength (3 brood combs and 2 pollen combs and all the combs covered with bees). The tested colonies were divided into seven groups (six treatments and control) with three replicates.
The obtained results could be summarized as follows:
1. Efficiency of feeding honey bee colonies with natural products on their activity and productivity:
1. 1. On colony strength:
Results showed significant increasing in colony strength in the colonies fed mixture of camel’s milk and urine followed by anise, camel’s urine, buckthorn and coriander where the values recorded (7.61, 6.50, 6.00, 5.94 and 5.83 combs covered with bees/colony), respectively compared with the control ones (5.33 combs covered with bees/colony).
1.2. On open brood area:
The obtained result showed that the highest means of open brood area were 188.78 and 188.51 in2 / colony in colonies fed on coriander and mixture of camel’s milk and urine treatments, respectively while colonies fed on camel’s milk recorded the lowest mean of 76.36 in2 / colony.
1.3. On sealed brood area:
Results showed that the mean area was significantly higher in colonies fed on mixture of camel’s milk and urine followed by anise and coriander extracts which had overall averages of 400.44, 345.39 and 283.08in2/colony, respectively.
1.4. On stored pollen area:
Results showed that significant increase in stored pollen areas in colonies fed on mixture of camel’s milk and urine followed by buckthorn, anise and coriander treatments.
1.5. On stored honey area:
The highest sealed honey area was observed in colonies supplemented with mixture of camel’s milk and urine (298.19 in2 / colony), while colonies fed on camel’s milk recorded the lowest mean 56.53 in2 / colony.
1.6. On honey yield:
Results showed high significant in honey yield in colonies fed on mixture of camel’s milk and urine followed by those fed on coriander extract and camel’s urine which their average were of 4.49, 3.25 and 3.25 kg/colony, respectively.
2. Effect of natural products on the ovary of virgin queen reared in treated colonies:
2.1. Number of ovarioles of virgin queen
Results showed that virgin queens produced from colonies fed with mixture of camel’s milk and urine recorded the highest number of ovarioles (140.33) followed by camel’s milk, buckthorn and camel’s urine that were 139.00, 138.33 and 128.00 ovarioles / ovary, respectively compared with virgin queens produced from control colonies that had 112.00 ovarioles/ovary.
2.2. cross sections of ovarioles of virgin queen:
from the obtained results, it could be summarized that, ovarioles of virgin queens produced from colonies fed on mixture of camel’s milk and urine was best one followed by ovarioles of virgin queens produced from colonies fed with buckthorn, camel’s milk and camel’s urine due to oogonia magnification and high number of nurse cells compared with queens produced from colonies fed on the other treatments.
3. Effect of natural products on haemocytes differential counts of worker bees:
Results indicated that high percentage in plasmatocytes cells was found in bees fed on mixture of camel’s milk and urine (62.80%), while the lowest percentage was found in bees fed on sugar syrup alone (20.16%). On contrast, the highest percentage of prohamocyte was found in bees fed with sugar only (66.06%) and the lowest percentage was found in bees fed on buckthorn (16.41%) with significant difference between them. It was observed that the plasmatocyte were the most abundant cells followed by granulocyte in colonies
fed on mixture of camel’s milk and urine, camel’s milk, camel’s urine and buckthorn treatments which had highest protein content that led to increasing immune system of these colonies.
4. Effect of the mixture of natural products on royal jelly proteins of tested colonies:
Results of electrophoretic protein patterns showed 11 bands in all treatments. The molecular weight of protein patterns ranged from (17-125) kDa. Protein bands were different in intensity.
SDS-PAGE results revealed that, major royal jelly proteins (MRJP) were abundant in all treatments and their molecular weight ranged from (43-81) kDa. These proteins were higher expressed in buckthorn, camel’s milk, mixture of camel’s milk and urine and camel’s urine than anise, coriander and control treatments.
5. Effect of natural products on some phytochemical compounds and
antioxidants content of honey produced by the experimental colonies:
Results showed significant differences in total phenols content of honey produced by different treatments. The initial concentration of total phenols in honey samples ranged from (5.60–13.43 mg /100 g). Results indicated that treated colonies with mixture of camel’s milk and urine gave the highest content of total flavonoid content(0.23mg/100ml) followed by camel’s urine (0.13mg/100ml) while honey produced from colonies fed with anise recorded the lowest content of TFC (0.06mg/100ml).
Results showed that the free radical scavenging activity (RSA%) in honey produced by colonies supplemented with anise, coriander, buckthorn, camel’s urine, mixture of camel’s milk and urine and sugar syrup were 21.26, 19.68, 25.58, 20.76, 27.41, 25.24 and 15.11 %, respectively.
6. Effect of the some natural products on reduction percentage of varroa mite:
Results showed that the highest average reduction % of mite infestation on adult bees (80.24%) was recorded in the colonies fed on camel’s milk, followed by mixture of camel’s milk and urine treatments (75.66%) and anise treatments (62.82%).
from the results, it could be concluded that:
1- Feeding honeybee colonies with mixture of camel’s milk and urine led to
increase their activity and productivity.
2-Feeding colonies with camel’s milk caused negative effect on the activity
and productivity of honey bee colonies.
3- Royal jelly quality can be improved by using mixture of camel’s milk and urine, camel’s milk, buckthorn and camel’s urine.
4- Also, the previous treatments can be used for producing queens with high
productivity.
5- Feeding with sugar syrup mixed with camel’s milk and its mixture with urine and anise treatments had an effect against Varroa infestation.
6- All natural feeding treatment increased most of activity and productivity
prameters.
7- Mixed camel’s milk with urine cleared the bad effect of milk treatment.
Using mixture of camel’s milk and urine treatment was a palatable diet that contained proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. That helps to increase colony strength and also brood rearing during nectar-pollen flow period, resulted in increased production of honey and pollen. Also, it could be used for producing artificial swarm and queens with high, improving royal jelly quality, and increasing the immunity of honey bee colonies to pests and pathogens.