الفهرس 
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Abstract
Summary and Conclusions
The main aims of this research was to further our fundamental understanding the effects of colchicine on the growth, flower yield and DNA pattern on three different stage, germination, plantlets and buds stages. Seven concentrations of colchicine were examined. Detailed analysis of the treatments showed that although they grew less than the control in plant height. This study scorsd highlights a significant improvement of growth, flower yield quantity and quality, as affected by colchicine treatments. The characters such as plant height, No.of branches, fresh weight, dry weight, No. flowers and flower diameter observed were found to be significant in chamomile and calendula genotypes.
According to recorded data the highest number of flowers/plant was observed at 0.05% of colchicine. In contrast, at 0.8% colchicine concentration has negative effects on flowering parameters and plant growth characters.
Selection of good genotypes of chamomile and calendula are needed to make its yield and production more economical. Therefore, induction mutation may serve as a useful tool with respect to the productivity.
Large morphological variations were observed among different chamomile and calendula genotypes.
The estimate of phenotypic and genotypic variances showed a considerable range of variation for most of the characters under study indicating considerably high amount of variability to be present in the chamomile and calendula genotypes.
The results from the morphological diversity analysis showed considerable variations among the studied traits. This is a positive indication to explore the crop for improvements and also to select the best line.
This work was then extended to analyze the development, growth and production of treated plants of chamomile and calendula and to assess genetic diversity and stability in them using RAPDs markers. RAPD markers were employed to confirm the existence of genetic variation at the molecular level as a result of the mutagen concentration.
Genomic DNA extracted from leaves of control and treated plants, and amplified using different RAPD primers.
Total number of bands obtained ranged from 46 to 86 in chamomile and 28 to 44 in calendula and the polymorphism ranged from 67 to 80 in chamomile and from 57 to 70 in calendula.
The data obtained from RAPD-PCR markers were subjected to do cluster analysis to understand their diversity. In dendrogram produced by cluster analysis two clusters were obtained.
The number of bands ranged from 6.5 to 8.6 per primer in chamomile and from 7 to 7.75 bands per primer in calendula.
Colchicine treatments generated a large amount of variability. Here, also we got sufficient amount of variability for different productive traits and a number of superior concentrations were identified in each plant which can be further used for the generation of superior genotypes.
In the molecular studies the RAPD primers used exhibited high level of polymorphism suggesting the potentiality of these markers for detect the mutations.
Because of high level of polymorphism, selection may be advanced to develop more stable genotypes.
The results showed that high level of polymorphism was detected using limited number of markers; suggest the potentiality of use RAPD-PCR to detect mutation.
In mutation breading higher genetic distance produced by application of colchicine may be potential for obtain good genotypes for growth and yield productivity.
Results from RAPD analysis showed that there is high genetic diversity among concentrations of colchicine were applied on chamomile and calendula. The results from the morphological, the seed composition and the RAPD analyses suggest that there is enough genetic diversity among different chamomile and calendula genotypes that can be exploited in marker assisted selection for production of well adapted genotype.s.
On the basis of results obtained, it can be concluded that:
1- The most effective concentrations of colchicine was 0.05% in all characters accept plant height.
2- RAPD markers provide a potential and effective method to calculate the genetic diversity among chamomile and calendula genotypes treated with different concentrations of colchicine.
3- 2. Analyzed control and treated plants of chamomile and calendula characterized quite high genetic variability.
4- The data provided herein highlights show that although careful screening and optimization is still required of treated plants induced from different concentrations of colchicine, there appears to be advantages in selecting for high yielding
5- Selection of good genotypes of chamomile and calendula are needed to make its yield and production more economical. Therefore, induction mutation may serve as a useful tool with respect to the productivity.
6- Additional research can also be done to evaluate the level of colchicine which must be provided to the optimum growth and secondary metabolite production.