الفهرس 
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Abstract
Farmers can get information from feed analysis to optimize nutrient utilization in animal feeds, feed compounders used to prepare feed mixtures suitable for different animal production system; researcher to relate animal’s performance to feed properties; and plant breeders to optimize the nutritive value.The aim of the present work is to determine the cytotoxicity of wild Sorghum virgatum (Hack) stapf and cultivated Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (nine cultivars were examined namely Assuit 95, Qena 35, Qena 53, Sohag 2, Sohag 75, Sohag 132, Sohag 146, Sohag 159 and dawarany) aqueous extract using higher plant bioassay, as well as the phytochemical screening of species understudy and the main objective of this work is to evaluate the genetic variability between Sorghum bicolor cultivars and its wild relative Sorghum virgatum and this goal has been achieved by using a variety of tools such as biochemical and molecular markers.The wild species of Sorghum virgatum was collected from Dakahlia governorate, while viable seeds of the studied cultivated species were obtained from National gene bank, Ministry of Agriculture and Land reclamation.Phytochemical analysis in the present investigation including the study of proximate composition and the secondary bioactive constituents were determined for cultivated Sorghum bicolor and wild Sorghum virgatum as well as their nutritive value. The results revealed that Sorghum bicolor attained highest percentages of moisture content and total ash content while Sorghum virgatum attained highest values of crude fiber content, crude protein and maximum value of total carbohydrates.The nutritive values of wild and cultivated Sorghum are comparable. The highest value (386.55 kcal/100g) was attained in wild Sorghum virgatum, while the lowest value (368.4 kcal/100g) was attained in Sorghum bicolor.The secondary active constituents for the two Sorghum species in the present study were evaluated. Plant secondary metabolites can be categorized into 5 chemical classes (alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and total phenolics). The highest values of phenolics and flavonoids were recorded in wild Sorghum virgatum, while the highest values of tannins, alkaloids and saponins were recorded in cultivated Sorghum bicolor.The potential cytotoxic and genotoxic of aqueous extract of two Sorghum species were estimated by observing cytological parameters such as mitotic index, phase index, total phases abnormalities and total abnormalities.Five different concentrations (1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5%) with one exposure time (48 hr.) of aqueous extract of two Sorghum species (wild and cultivated) treated Vicia faba root tips and compared with control. The results revealed that the aqueous extract of cultivated Sorghum possess inhibitory, mito-depressive effects on cell division, while the wild Sorghum extract induced a considerable increasing effect on mitotic indices than that of the control. Also, there are changes in phase indices and chromosome behavior of Vicia faba.The abnormalities including stickiness, oblique, non-congression, two groups, star chromosomes and disturbed metaphase. The most common type of abnormalities was disturbed and stickiness then followed by two groups and micronucleus at metaphase stage.Bridge, Laggard, Late separation, diagonal and disturbed appeared in anaphase stage, finally, telophase exhibit diagonal and disturbed abnormalities. Also, micronucleus observed in non-dividing cells (interphase) and micronucleus appeared in prophase stage.The micronucleus was found in the interphase and prophase cells treated with wild and cultivated Sorghum. The highest percentages of abnormalities in interphase ad mitotic cells were found in cells treated with cultivated Sorghum.For biochemical analysis, all studied species of Sorghum were subjected to SDS-PAGE technique, the wild Sorghum virgatum and nine cultivars of Sorghum bicolor. Electrophoretic analysis of protein profile (SDS-PAGE) of the investigated Sorghum showed that the total number of the bands was 25 bands with the molecular weight ranging from 14.5 to 89.8 KDa. There are four monomorphic bands and twenty one polymorphic bands. The polymorphic bands divided into five unique and sixteen non-unique bands. The polymorphism percentage for each species has been determined. The cultivar Sohag 132 (S.b.6) showed the highest polymorphic bands percentage (52%), while the cultivar Sohag 159 (S.b.8) showed the lowest percentage of polymorphism (24%). 84% polymorphism percentage among ten species.RAPD and ISSR markers were used as molecular markers to investigate the genetic relationships of the studied species of Sorghum.Five primers were used for the RAPD technique. Concerning the investigated species of Sorghum, a total of 42 bands were resulted from RAPD finger printing ranging in size from 140 to 1850 bp. Among 26 polymorphic bands there are 16 bands were monomorphic, common for the wild and cultivated Sorghum.Also, five primers were used in ISSR analysis for the investigated species of Sorghum in the generation of 34 bands ranging in molecular size between 240 and 2200 bp. Out of 20 polymorphic bands, and 14 monomorphic bands.For conclusion, it was illustrated that RAPD markers were found to be more efficient than ISSR markers with regards to polymorphism detection. This result could be explained as RAPD markers cover the whole genome for amplification, but ISSR amplifies the region between two microsatellites.