الفهرس 
Problem StatementOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 231 |  |  |
| | | from | 231 | | |
Abstract
The interests in the 2D and 3D Video technologies have grownconsiderably in both the academic and
industrial worlds in the recentyears.With the rapid evolution of multimedia technologies, the
videoapplicationshas becomevery popular. It is expectedthat the 2DV and 3DV technology will emerge as a
prime application for consumer electronics in the near future. A successful videocommunication system needs
synergistic integration of various technologies such as video acquisition, compression, transmission, and
rendering. The 3DV is composed of variable-length stream sequences captured via diversified cameras
surrounding an object. The transmission of 2DV and 3DV over wireless channels has become a hot issue
because of the limited resources and the existence of severe channel random and burst errors. Thus, it is an
urgent task to accomplish sufficient encoding to be compatible with incoming bandwidth demands, while
achieving a recommended video reception performance.
In the 2DV and3DV coding prediction structures, the coded bitstreams may be dropped down due to error
transmissions. Therefore, in the 3DV compression framework, the lost Macro-Blocks (MBs) might propagate
into the following frames and the adjoining views, because it is not possible to retransmit all erroneous or lost
packets due to delay and bandwidth constraints on real-time 2DV and3DV transmissions.So,there is a need for
the utilization ofappropriate and efficient pre-processingcompression techniques to ameliorate the MBs in the
2DV and3DV communication systems. Thus, it is obligatory to avoid error propagation by reducingthe
corrupted MBs through the utilization ofinterleaving tools such asthe chaotic interleaver, equalization
techniques such as the Linear Minimum Mean Square Error (LMMSE) equalizer, and coding techniques such as
convolution code.
This thesis focused on addressing the challenges of reliably transmitting and securing compressed 2DV
and3DV over heavily-erroneouswireless channels.Hence, we propose a lot of efficient and hybrid
compressiontechniques for reliable 2DV and3DVtransmission over error-prone wireless channels.Moreover, the
security of the transmitted 2DV and3DV is a critical issue for protecting its information and copyright content
and reducing the noise. Digital watermarking and encryption are promising and efficient methodologies for
protecting the transmitted 2DV and3DV data. Therefore, we also propose efficient and secure multi-level
compression techniques for the transmission of 2DV, also efficient and secure multi-level compression
techniques for the transmission of 3D Multi-view Video Coding (3D-MVC) and 3D High Efficiency Video
Coding (3D-HEVC).
The first part of this thesis proposed a chaotic Baker interleaving scheme for efficient transmission of
compressed video frames using the Set Partitioning In Hierarchical Trees (SPIHT) algorithm. The compressed
video frames have self-embedded digital signatures, and the transmission is performed over Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) wireless systems with equalization. The SPIHT compressed video
frames are primarily converted to the luminance and chrominance scheme for self-watermark embedding, and
then the binary format is reconstructed again. Prior to the modulation step, the chaotic interleaving is performed
on the binary data to encrypt the transmitted data and reduce the effect of noise in the multipath channel. The
SPIHT technique aims at reducing the amount of data to be transmitted. For performance evaluation, both
Rayleigh fading and Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channels are considered for various video frames
with the application of chaotic interleaving. The experimental results prove that the received compressed
ABSTRACT
vi
watermarked video frames with chaotic interleaving applied achieve higher Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratios
(PSNRs) and correlation coefficients compared to other approaches.
Furthermore, the thesis presents an efficient video encryption approach for video frame communication
based on both chaotic encryption and DRPE. Simulation results have revealed the high quality of received video
frames after decryption. It is clear that equalization is very necessary in the system. Moreover, it is also clear
that chaotic encryption adds a degree of interleaving and more security to the video frame communication
process.
Due to the need to transmit encrypted data and video securely through wireless channels, we suggest the
utilization of the Double Random Phase Encryption (DRPE) algorithm for efficient video communication over
OFDM system. Moreover, we use an efficient interleaving mechanism on the communicated data based on
chaotic Baker map to control the error level of the channel. The DRPE and chaotic Baker interleaving are used
for efficient video frame transmission over OFDM. Channel equalization is considered in the proposed scheme.
Simulation results reveal the good performance of the proposed scheme for secure video communication.
The second part of this thesis adopts a Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) watermarking framework for
video frame transmission, where chaotic Baker map interleaving is used for video communication in order to
minimize the channel errors in the transmitted data with a level of encryption. The proposed approach is
evaluated through the transmission of various SVD watermarked video frames over Rayleigh fading channels in
the presence of Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) with interleaving by chaotic Baker map. The obtained
results prove that the received SVD watermarked video frames give higher Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratios
(PSNRs) using chaotic interleaving compared to other methods. Both linear equalization and convolutional
coding are considered. This proposed model improves the Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) of the received
images and the maximum correlation coefficient between an extracted watermark and the original one. The
chaotic map adds security and encryption to the watermarked data. The simulation results show high correlation
between subjective fidelity metrics (human visual perception) and objective performance metrics. To sum up,
this work proves that chaotic map interleaving with linear equalization, and convolution coding can be used for
efficient image and video communication overOFDM channels.
The third part of the thesis suggests a simultaneous video frame encryption and compression scheme
depending on the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and the chaotic map interleaving. The suggested
schemedecreases the required bandwidth through decreasing the amount of data transmitted. Furthermore, the
utilization of chaotic randomization map with linear equalization in OFDM serves additional purposes such as
minimizing Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI) caused by multi-path fading channels, increasing the PSNR, and
providing an encryption degree for the transmitteddata. The proposed hybrid randomization and equalization
algorithm improves the OFDM system performance. A composite frame is generated from each four video
frames based on the energy compaction property of the DCT. The randomization on the compressed composite
DCT frame is applied before transmission, while the equalization process is applied at the receiver side. Both
AWGN and Rayleighchannels are considered in this study. The simulation results have been carried out by
applying chaotic randomization map with linear equalization. We have proved that it is possible to recover the
original video frames again after the decryption process with high quality.
The fourth part of this thesis studies the Three-Dimensional Multi-View Video (3D-MVV) transmission over
wireless networks sufferingfrom Macro-Blocks (MBs) losses due to either packet dropping or fading-motivated
ABSTRACT
vii
bit errors. The 3D-MVV is composed of multiple video stream shotscaptured by several cameras around a single
object, simultaneously. Therefore, it is an urgent task to achieve high compression ratios to meet future
bandwidth constraints. Unfortunately, the highly-compressed 3D-MVV data becomes more sensitive and
vulnerable to packet losses, especially in the case of heavy channel faults. Thus, this thesis suggests the
application of chaotic interleaving with equalization and convolution coding for efficient SVD-watermarked
3D-MVV transmission over OFDM. Both Rayleigh fading and AWGN channelsare considered in the real
scenario of 3D-MVV transmission. The SVD-watermarked 3D-MVV frames are primarily converted to their
luminance and chrominance components, which are then converted to binary data format. After that, chaotic
interleaving is applied prior to the modulation process. It is used to reduce the channel effects on the transmitted
bit streams and it also adds a degree of encryption to the transmitted 3D-MVV frames. To test the performance
of the proposed framework,several simulation experiments on different SVD watermarked 3D-MVV frames
have been executed. The experimental results show that the received SVD-watermarked 3D-MVV frames still
have high PSNRs,and watermark extraction is possible in the proposed framework.
Furthermore, an efficient frame is proposed for video watermarking based on the Discrete Wavelet
Transform (DWT) and the SVD. It is referred to as DWT and SVD) watermarking for three-dimensional video
transmission through a wireless Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) channel using
chaotic map interleaving with convolution coding and linear equalization for noise effect reduction. The
simulation results shows a good match between objective performance metrics and subjective fidelity metrics.
In addition, an efficient three-dimensional MVC and HEVC transmission system is introduced through
wireless OFDM channel using chaotic map interleaving with convolution coding and linear equalization for
noise reduction. Also, an efficient hybrid framework is proposed to study the effect of the application of a
chaotic Baker interleaving technique with equalization for efficient transmission of composite 3D H.264 and
H.265 compressed video frames over an OFDM wireless channel. Firstly, the 3DV content is compressed
exploiting the intra- and inter-prediction correlations between frames. After that, a composite frame of
luminance is generated from each four consecutive frames using DCT. The resultant composite frame is
converted to binary data format. Then, chaotic interleaving is applied on the binary information prior to the
modulation process. This chaotic interleaving is used to mitigate the OFDM induced Peak-to-Average Power
Ratio (PAPR) problem and to reduce the wireless channel effects on the transmitted bit streams. It also adds a
degree of encryption to the transmitted 3DV compressed frames. Several simulation experiments on different
3DV frames have been executed to evaluate the performance of the proposed hybrid framework. The
experimental results showed that the received 3DV frames have high average PSNR gains and a reduction of the
average PAPR values with the proposed hybrid framework compared to the other traditional techniques.