الفهرس 
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Abstract
Parrots are popular as pets and often suffered from many bacterial diseases with often
involvement of normal flora or environmental pathogens in response to stress and
immunosuppression. Salmonella is one of the main causes of bacterial enteritis which is often a
spontaneous stress associated disease.
This study was conducted to isolate and identify Salmonella from some spp. of captive bred
300 psittaciformes (apparently healthy, diseased and dead), (219 fecal samples, 72cloacal samples and 9
birds were submitted to necropsy) were collected from different sources (private wildlife farms, pet
shops and households). Aiming to detect the real prevalence of Salmonella as a zoonotic microorganism
in parrots As well as estimation of the antibiotic susceptibility and using PCR of isolated strains. . In all
10 samples, 1 Green rosella, 5 rosy-faced lovebird and 4 budgerigar Salmonella isolates from
cloacal samples—were Salmonella Typhimurium by using standard microbiological techniques
with (3.33%).The disk-diffusion test was performed to determine the zone of inhibition. All 10
Salmonella isolates were highly susceptible (100%) in vitro to amoxicilin/ clavulanic acid,
ciprofloxacin and gentamycin. Sixty%, 40%, 30%, 30%,, 30% and 20% susceptible to neomycin,
sterptomycin, ampicilin, amoxicilin , spiramycin and tetracyclin respectively. Resistance to
doxycycline, sul./trimethprim, tetracycline (TET), spiramycin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, ,
streptomyc and neomycin was found in 100%,100%, 80%,50%,30%, 20%,20% and 10% of the
isolates respectively. Detection of resistance genes was tested by PCR targeting (tet1, tet 2 ,sul 1,
sul2) antimicrobial genes. All isolates were positive for inv A gene. Resistant genes were detected of
Salmonella Typhimuruim isolates. (6) against tetracyclin A tet A gene , (7) tetracycline gene B tet B
and (7) sulphonamide gene 1 Sul 1 meanwhile all strains were negative for Sul 2 resistant gene. In
conclusion, genotyping analysis is effective as an epidemiological tool for characterization of
Salmonella Typhimurium.