الفهرس 
I NTRACYTOPLASMIC SPERM I NJECTION (ICSI)Only 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is a promising assisted-fertilization technique in which a single spermatozoon, preferably of good morphology (as it’s related to the fertilization outcome and pregnancy outcome as well), is injected directly into the cytoplasm of a mature oocyte using micromanipulation(Boulet et al., 2015)..
Embryo implantation represents the most critical step of the reproductive process in many species(Sharma and Kumar, 2012). It is an extremely complex and yet elusive series of processes by which the blastocyst becomes intimately connected to the maternal endometrial surface to form the placenta that will provide an interface between the growing fetus and the maternal circulation(Antón and Velasco, 2015).
Embryo quality and endometrial receptivity are two of the parameters which determine the reproductive outcome in in-vitro fertilization programs(European IVF-monitoring programme and Embryology, Nyboe Andersen et al., 2009).
Endometrial receptivity is defined as a temporary unique sequence of factors that make the endometrium receptive to the embryonic Implantation. It is the window of time when the uterine environment is conductive to blastocyst acceptance and subsequent implantation(Mold and McCune, 2012).
The receptive phase of the uterus is transient, and unless the blastocyst adhesion occurs, the endometrium enters into the refractory phase, when any functional blastocysts are incapable of adhesion to the endometrium. Thus, the endometrium can allow blastocyst adhesion in the restricted period, which is usually regarded as the ‘‘implantation window’’(Cha et al., 2012).
The implantation window appears to be confined to seven to ten days after the mid-cycle luteinizing hormone LH surge (days LH +7 to +10) (Quinn et al., 2007). After this time period, the uterus becomes nonreceptive (refractory) and remains refractory for the rest of the luteal phase (Bergh and Navot, 1992).