الفهرس 
Review of literature
Prevention of Ergonomic hazardsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Occupational hazards are the risk to the health of a person arising out of employment .Healthcare workers provide a large array of services with multiple exposures that can result in serious short – long – term health consequences and hazard exposures .These exposures have been linked with outcomes such as cancers, injuries, and infectious diseases .Nurses are exposed to various occupational hazards like stress, allergic reactions, higher noise levels, percutaneous exposure incidents, radiation, musculoskeletal disorders, legal hazards, etc. . Moreover, the interactions with patients, physical strain and financial pressure are negatively related to psychological wellbeing of nursing professionals. Also identification of risk to healthcare workers has been explored in several industrialized nations, very little data is available from developing countries.
This study was aimed to develop and verify guidelines for controlling occupational hazards facing staff nurses through: design guidelines for controlling occupational hazards facing staff nurses, test the validity and reliability of the proposed guidelines, implementing the developed guidelines.
The study was implemented on 50 nurses staff at three ICU (adult, liver, and pediatric) in Elharm hospital. this hospital affiliated to specialized medical centers.Data for this study were collected by using five tools, namely, Need assessment questionnaire sheet to assess staff nurses’ needs related to occupational hazards. It consisted of two parts, Part 1: Demographic characteristics study subjects Part 2 :knowledgeable questionnaire sheet It aimed to assess the staff nurse knowledge related to occupational hazards. . The questions were categorized under five dimensions as follows, 1-definition and kinds of occupational hazards .2-Types of occupational hazards .3-effects of occupational hazards .4- Method of prevention of occupational hazards . Second tool Work-related hazards exposures, to assess nurse‘s exposures of occupational hazards. It contained 34 items . Third tool observation check list, was used to assess nurses’ compliance regarding self-protective measure. Fourth tool environmental assessment tool, assessing the presence or absence of safety measures according to standards in the work setting. Fives tool Opinionaire sheet it aims to test both face and content validity of the proposed guidelines.
The finding of present study demonstrated that presence of several hazards for staff nurses including biological, physical, psychological and chemical hazards. There were significant differences between mean score of the staff nurses in relation to their total knowledge related to occupational hazards throughout the implement of guidelines .As well, there were a statistical significant difference between mean score of staff nurses in relation to their performance at pre, and post guidelines .Also, there were positive correlations between knowledge and performance of staff nurses throughout the development of guidelines .Either all or most of the jury group members agreed face validity of guidelines , while majority of jury group were agreed upon face validity . all of the jury members agreed upon the item the proposed guidelines are containing illustrations, while the least percentage 87% agreed upon the item of the guideline have the right, and most of the jury group member ranging between 93% and 100% agreed about the rest of the items. This confirms the research hypothesis which stated that after implementation of the guidelines there will be improvement in the knowledge and performance of staff nurses.
The result of this study have shown the following most important findings:
There were statistically differences in knowledge of nurses’ staff throughout the implemented of guidelines. slightly less than half of staff nurses (48, 0%) had satisfactory pre guidelines, meanwhile post guidelines reached (94, 0%).
There were significant differences between percent scores of the staff nurses in relation to their Dimensions reflecting Nurses‘ Knowledge regarding of Occupational hazards in the ICU throughout the two phases of the guidelines (pre %post). There were highest percentage of hazards (88%) headache in physical and (80) needle prick in biological hazards and the lowest percentage was related to sexual harassment (2%).
There were highest percentage of hazards related to lower back pain (92%) and the lowest percentage was related to bone breaks (32%).
There were significant differences between mean scores of the staff nurses in relation to their total compliance throughout the two phases of guidelines (pre &post).
There were significant differences between performance level of the staff nurses in relation to their total compliance throughout the two phases of guidelines (pre &post).
There were one ICU is safety environment but two ICU are risky environment.
There were statistically significant relations between staff nurses’ characteristics (Qualification and attending training courses about occupational hazards &methods of prevention) and their knowledge level before guidelines.
There were statistically significant relations between staff nurses’ characteristics (qualification& attending training courses about occupational hazards &methods of prevention) and their Staff Nurses‘ Total knowledge level.
There were no statistically significant except attending training courses about occupational hazards &methods of prevention
There was correlation between total knowledge score, and total performance scores, where p-value was> 0.05, with positive correlation between total knowledge score, and total performance scores.
Based on the result of this study, it was recommended that:
1- dissemination of the developed guidelines to the different health care sector affiliated to MOH.
2- Health care organization should integrate the concept of safety in the structure of the hospital system by continuous orientation, conferences ,
3- Health and safety committee should be established with definite active role.
4- Hospital administration should provide adequate financial resources for provision of the needed equipment, facilities and supplies.
5- Periodic Inspection of different work units should be conducted to detect early risks in the units and develop a plan to overcome it on for an informal basis, each work, individual the responsibility of performing these periodic inspections, formal inspection will be done annually by the safety committee.
6- Encourage nurses to notify the safety committee about any potential hazardous condition they may observe and require immediate attention and management .
7- A system for investigating and reporting accidents should be established .
8- Pre-employment medical evaluation, periodic medical examination and immunization programs should be developed for all hospital personnel .
9- Personnel medical records ,sudden illness and accident reports should be kept complete ,accurate and confidential by safety officer with the designated physician regarding whether exposure evaluation and follow up is needed .
10- Policies and procedures related to safe work practices in the hospital should be developed .
11- In –service training program should be established to all health care workers about health hazards, safety measures, and universal infection precautions by members of safety committee and supervisor of the department.
12- A departmental safety manual should be developed by safety committee with input from all employees in the department that will specify the responsibilities of staff.13- Orientation program for newly working personnel should be established about safety policies and regulations in the department by a member of safety committee and supervisor of the department.
14- The hospital structure should be provided with safety measures such as fire alarm system, fire doors and fire evacuation plan that should be well known by all workers in the hospital by recommendations of safety committee.
15- Occupational health and safety management should be included in nursing curriculums of all education levels.