الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 112 |  |  |
| | | from | 112 | | |
Abstract
Patients in intensive care units (ICUs) are treated with many interventions (most notably endotracheal intubation and invasive mechanical ventilation) that are observed or perceived to be distressing. Pain is the most common memory patients have of their ICU stay. Agitation can precipitate accidental removal of endotracheal tubes or of intravascular catheters used for monitoring or administration of life-sustaining medications. Consequently, sedatives and analgesics are among the most commonly administered drugs in ICUs.Sedatives that are commonly used in the ICU are the benzodiazepines midazolam and lorazepam (and to a lesser extent, diazepam), the short-acting intravenous anesthetic agent propofol, and dexmedetomidine. Remifentanil, an opioid, is also used as a sole agent because of its sedative effects. Benzodiazepines act through γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAa) receptors, as in part does propofol, whereas dexmedetomidine is an α2-adrenoceptor agonist, and remifentanil is a μ-opioid receptor agonist.Monitoring the level of sedation like Ramsay sedation scale (RSS), Richmond agitation-sedation scale (RASS), Riker sedation-agitation scale (SAS) and Motor-activity assessment scale (MASS) from the clinical tools to assess the level of sedation. Electroencephalography (EEG) and Bispectral index (BIS) from the objective methods to assess the sedation level.