الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Hyperglycaemia is a common problem in the perioperative period, linked to the preoperative metabolic state of the patient, neuroendocrine stress response, and acute perioperative insulin resistance, as well as the intraoperative management.Acute hyperglycaemia may also have its own deleterious effects that can lead to poor perioperative outcomes. It can suppress various aspects of immune function (chemotaxis, phagocytosis, generation of reactive oxygen species, and intracellular killing of bacteria) and increase the circulating inflammatory cytokine concentration. Some of the effects of hyperglycaemia are reported at glucose concentrations
> 200 mg/dL.Patients undergoing elective surgery often suffer from preoperative anxiety, a state of psychological stress involving low-level activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis and possibly cytokines.