الفهرس 
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Abstract
Nephrotoxicity can be a result of hemodynamic changes, direct injury to cells and tissue, inflammatory tissue injury, and/or obstruction of renal excretion. Nephrotoxicity is frequently induced by a wide spectrum of therapeutic drugs and environmental pollutants. Acrylamide is one of these surrounding environmental pollutants exists in our cooked food mainly and in our drinking water rarely.
The present study aimed to experimental induction of nephrotoxicity by administration of Acr orally (40 mg/kg b.w) in male Albino rats and also to evaluate the biochemical changes that occur in serum, urine and tissue which related mainly to kidney performance.
In addition, an attempt was made to clarify the role of some natural scavengers represented by PP and Prop as prophylactic treatments for nephrotoxicity.
The experiment was carried out on male Albino rats for a period of 31 days. Rats were divided into four main groups; Cr, Acr, Acr+PP and Acr+Prop groups. Control group fed with the normal chewable diet and tap drinking water without any administrations, Acr group administrated with Acr only, Acr+PP group administrated with Acr and PP (200 mg/kg bw) and finally Acr+Prop group administrated with Acr and Prop (250 mg/kg bw). All administrations were carried out via oral gavage. At the first 14 days of the experiment, the prophylactic treatments was administrated alone then togethered with Acr adminstration for more 17 days.
The effects of administrated Acr and treatments on body weight of rats, serum total proteins, albumin and calculated globulin were determined as well as liver function enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP and γGT).
The effect of administrated Acr and treatments on renal performance was determined representing by kidney function tests (serum urea, creatinine and uric acid), serum electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl-, Mg+2, Ca+2 and PO4-), urine electrolytes (Na+, K+ and Cl-), renal antioxidants (GSH, GPx and SOD), renal oxidants (MDA and NO), renal iNOS, renal IL-1β and renal KIM-1. Also histopathological examination for renal tissue was carried out.
Results recorded in (10) tables and (26) figures have been obtained statistical data and analysis and showed the following; Albino rats administrated with Acr for 31 days showed yellow colored hair, weakness and incoordination at the first week of administration followes by dragging of hind limbs and paralysis causing difficulty in drinking and eating leading to loss of body weight and subsequently few deaths. Also PM examination showed distended urinary bladder with urine retention. These effects are relieved somewhat by prohylactic treatments.
Acr affects total proteins, albumin, globulin and liver function enzymes badly which indicates its hepatotoxic effect. Prophylactic treatments improve these effects perfectly.
Acr also affects one of the main kidney functions, electrolyte balance, serum of albino rats showed high levels of K+, Cl-, Mg+2 and PO- and low levels of Na+ and Ca+2 while urine aspect showed decreasing in all measured electrolytes; Na+, K+ and Cl- indicating electrolyte imbalance and loss of the kidney to another one of its main functions. Prophylactic treatments tolerate with this imbalance correctly and satisfyingly.
The main defined way for Acr to induce nephrotoxicity is oxidative stress and inflammation which is confirmed in our study as Acr causes renal antioxidants depletion with increasing oxidants liberation indicating its oxidative effect which is the main cause of its nephrotoxic effect.
Also oxidative effect of Acr is confirmed by high levels of renal iNOS referring the cause to the increased level of IL-1β which is the indicator of Acr inflammatory effect.
Acr causes renal tissue damage which is confirmed by the elevated levels of renal KIM-1 and renal histopathological examination.
The prophylactic treatments used in this study (PP and Prop) are known for their effective scavenging activity and anti-inflammatory effect so they tolerate with oxidative and inflammatory effects of Acr and relieve its nephrotoxic effect.
As shown in the results of Acr+PP and Acr+Prop groups there are remarkable increase in renal antioxidants levels and decrease in oxidants confirming their scavenging activity
Prop and PP decrease renal IL-1β levels significantly which indicates their anti-inflammatory Properties so they preserve renal tissue vitality and it is clarified in the low levels of renal KIM-1 and renal histopathological examination.
And finally it has been proved that Acr have a significant nephrotoxic effect and the prophylactic treatments, PP and Prop, antagonize that effect.