الفهرس 
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Abstract
Optical lens (Ol) is considered as one of the most important components in the optics and widely used in many applications such as imaging, encryption, memory storage, biomedical applications, and many other applications. Ols are usually made either from glass, plastic or as reported recently from photonic crystals. Photonic crystal lens has been considered as another choice instead of the conventional lenses since they enable coupling and focusing the light. most photonic crystal lens designs rely on the formation of periodic structure in an optical medium. There are many numerical techniques used to investigate the characteristics of photonic crystal lens structures such as finite element method (FEM) based on COMSOL multiphysics software package. In this thesis, an active 2D metallic photonic crystal lens with negative refractive index that has been carefully designed to couple efficiently the light from a planar waveguide with a large spot size area into another PhC waveguide with a sub-wavelength spot size area. The design consists of sliver layer with a triangular array of circular air holes, finely the optimization geometry paved the way to achieve good focusing the light rays with intensity and FWHM of 10.5 and 1.7 µm; respectively. Additionally, filling the drilled holes in the proposed metallic PhC lens with nematic liquid crystal (NLC) allows obtaining reconfigurable PhC lens with significant wave FWHM shaping with extinction ratios of about 8dB.