الفهرس 
Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
Risk factor of type 2 diabetes mellitus:Only 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Summary & Conclusion
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder resulting from a defect in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.
Insulin deficiency in turn leads to chronic hyperglycemia with
disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. As the disease progresses tissue or vascular damage ensues leading to severe diabetic complications such as retinopathy, neuropathy,nephropathy,
cardiovascular complications and ulcerat,ionThus, diabetes covers a wide range of heterogeneous diseases.The complex estrogen–estrogen receptor may indirectly affect insulin sensitivity by releasing insulin from granules into the circulation and by regulating β cells proliferation. Hence, the lack of estrogen may lead to
insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance.The physiological function of estrogen is mediated via two specificreceptors, estrogen receptor-1 (also called ESR1 or ERα) and estrogen
receptor-2 (also called ESR2 or ERβ).ERα is a member of the nuclear steroid receptor family and a ligandinducibletranscription factor. Its isoforms are expressed in most tissues of
the human body, and were shown to play an important role in prevention ofdiabetes in both men and women. Thus, the gene encoding ERα gene is apotential candidate for susceptibility to type 2 diabetes.The ERα gene is located on chromosome 6. Five polymorphisms in the
ERα gene have been reported in the genomic DNA extracted from human
breast tumors or normal human peripheral blood leukocytes. The first Summary & Conclusion 113 polymorphism, PvuII caused by a C/T transition (P1/P2) in intron 1 is located 0.4 kb upstream from exon 2.3. The second polymorphism XbaI
caused by a G/A transition (X1/X2) is located 50 bp downstream from the
PvuII polymorphic site.The aim of the present study is to study to association estrogen receptor-alpha gene polymorphisms(XbaI and PvuII)with type 2 diabetes
mellitus in men.The present study was conducted on eighty individuals