الفهرس 
AcknowledgementOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is the most common endocrine disease. It is considered as one of the reading causes of death all over the word. Despite the fact that insulin has been successfully used for many decades as a treatment for diabetes mellitus, yet, it will be very beneficial to try to find other alternatives for the common insulin treatment.
Nature has been a source for alternative medicine for thousands of years. Impressive number of modern drugs have been isolated from natural source. The use of plant extract with known antioxidant, anti-inflammatory properties is of great importance in treatment of many diseases.
In this work, a trial has been made to point out the anti-diabetic anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effect of aqueous extract of Zingiber Officnale (ginger) on the submandibular salivary gland of STZ-induced diabetic rats.
Twenty four male adult healthy albino rats, weighting 150-200gms, were used in the present study. Rats were divided into three groups, consisting of 8 rats each.
group I (control group) represented the healthy untreated rats. After 30 days of the beginning of treatment all animals of this group were sacrificed by intra peritoneal injection of ketamine 100 mg/kg.
group II (diabetic group) received a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin for each to induce diabetes. After 30 days, all animals of this group were sacrificed by intra peritoneal injection of ketamine 100 mg/kg.
group III (ginger treated group) in which diabetes was induced through a single intraperitoneal injection streptozotocin, then diabetes was allowed to be stabilized over a period of 3 days. Then for the next 30 days, aqueous ginger extract was administered orally using gastric gavage at daily dose of 500 mg/kg body weight. After completion of the dose, the animals were sacrificed by intra peritoneal injection of ketamine 100 mg/kg and the submandibular salivary glands were dissected.
One side of the submandibular salivary glands were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin solution, processed and embedded in paraffin. Then stained with H&E for routine histological examination. Specimens mounted on electrically changed slides were subjected to immunohistochemical examination using primary antibody for NF-ĸB. Using image analyzer, the area percentage of the NF-ĸB immunoreactivity was measured. Histomorphometric evaluation the number of acini/µm² for H&E section was also measured.
In all the experimental groups, the specimens (submandibular glands) of the other side were subjected to RT-PCR examination. This method was used to assess interleukin-2 mRNA gene expression.
All the obtained data from image analysis as well as RT-PCR were subjected to statistical evaluation using ANOVA.