الفهرس 
Introduction
Characteristic of Spinel preparation by Gel methodOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The aim of this work is not only the synthesis of ceramic
pigment with spinel structure using low energy and inexpensive
minerals but also throw some light on the relations between the
structure and the color of obtained pigment.
The most commonly used coloring constituents in ceramic
systems characterized by an incomplete d shell, particularly V,
Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni and Cu.
In this study color pigments were formed by tow methods
ceramic method and sol-gel method.
Ceramic method used to prepare simple spinels of Ni,Co and Ni
starting from a mixture of M(NO3)2M=Ni,Co,Mg or Ni and
aluminum chloride where calcinations at 1000oCfor 3 hr.three
components spinels also prepared by adding MgCl2or Mg(OH) 2 in
different molar ratio to M(NO3)2 M=Ni,Co,Mg or Ni to aluminum
chloride where calcinations at 1000oC for 3 hr . gel method used to
prepare simple spinels of Ni,Co,Mg and Cu starting from a mixture
of M(NO3)2M=Ni,Co,Mg or Ni and aluminum chloride using
medium ethylene glycol, calcinations at 700oCfor 2 hr.mixed
spinels also prepared in the sam way where CuNiAl2O4,
CuCoAl2O4, NiCoAl2O4prepared using tow solvents a medium
(ethylene glycol and polyproplyne glycol ).
The phase composition and microstructure characterization of
obtained pigments were evaluated by X-ray diffraction, and
transmission electron microscope. the results indicated that all
produced powder are in nanometer range and high hidden for
metallic surfaces when it used as pigments for coating metallic
surfaces.
Some of the produced powder are used as pigments where it
mixed with alkyd and diluted with suitable organic solvent and
applied as coating materials on metallic surfaces .
Key words :spinel ,pigment, CuNiAl2O4, CuCoAl2O4,
NiCoAl2O4, CoAl2O4, NiAl2O, CuAl2O