الفهرس 
General IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
he main objective of this thesis was to develop novel nano-sized phytopharmaceutical controlled delivery systems of apocynin (APO) (orally and parenterally) and clove essential oil (CEO) (topically) to potentiate the bioavailability and pharmacological activity, for prospective therapeutic application. The first part was directed to fabricate, optimize, by adopting full factorial design 24, and evaluate a novel and facile phytopharmaceutical SLNS system loaded with APO. Double-emulsion solvent evaporation technique was used as a method of preparation. The optimized formula (F-3) was further characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD), in vitro release study, kinetic analysis and stability study at refrigeration (5 ± 3°C) and ambient conditions. As well, the oral and parenteral bioavailability of the optimized CS,APO - loaded SLNS (F-3) was evaluated and compared with that of a freshly prepared aqueous solution of APO (APO-sol) following administration to male Sprague–Dawley rats. The obtained results revealed that the novel CS-based SLNs system potentiate the bioavailability and sustain the effect of APO. The second part was conducted to develop and evaluate controlled release nanoparticulate DDSS loaded with CEO, namely; NEG and NFs, for the topical application with potentiated anti-inflammatory activity and enhanced stability. In this part, the detailed studies on in vitro and in vivo evaluations of such medicated topical delivery systems were investigated. The obtained results revealed that topical treatment with CEO-NE based NEG (twice application) and CEO-NE based NFS (once application) evoked a marvelous in vivo anti-inflammatory activity against croton oil-induced mouse skin inflammation model.