الفهرس 
Introduction and aim of the workOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Wireless devices have become unavoidable in life; most people even children use devices, which are Wi-Fi dependent such as routers, tablets, headphones and laptop. These devices and others such as mobile phones emit radiations known as EMR (electromagnetic radiations). There are two types of EMR: Ionizing and Nonionizing radiations, the radiation emitted from wireless devices and cell phones are of the nonionizing type.
Several studies have been done on the effect of these radiations on health. Most studies revealed that exposure of human and animals to EMFs have been negative effects on cardiovascular system, CNS, endocrine, immune systems, reproductive system and the developing embryo/fetus and also cause histopathological changes and disturbances in functions of different body organs.
This study was done to figure out the effect of exposure to radiations emitted from router device (as an example of devices that use Wi-Fi) on the lung tissues and the possible mechanisms through which these radiations induces its effects as a trial to shed a light on the hazards of using such technology in our daily life.
This study was carried out on 30 adult male albino rats. They were exposed to the 2.45 GHz radiation from the Wi-Fi router device, which was placed at 25 cm from the animals. Animals were divided into 3 groups 10 rats each: group I (control group): Rats were isolated in a room away from any source of radiation. group II (6 hours): Rats were exposed to router device for 6 hours per day for 30 days. group III (24 hours): Rats were exposed to router device for 24 hours per day for 30 days. Then the lung was prepared for histological, immunohistochemical and morphometric studies.
The results of the current study revealed that:
• The hematoxylin and eosin results showed morphological changes in the exposed groups when compared with the control group however the 24h group showed more morphological changes when compared with the 6h group. These changes were in the form of marked congestion and dilatation of blood vessels with mononuclear inflammatory cells inside the dilated blood vessels. Thickening of interalveolar septa was obvious, these septa were studded with extravasated RBCs and inflammatory cells. Also, there was extravasation of blood inside some bronchioles and alveoli. Some alveoli appeared collapsed or obliterated while others are compensatory dilated. There was a large number of macrophage loaded with brown particles detected by using charcoal injection.
• The Masson trichrome results showed increased collagen fibers deposition around the wall of the blood vessels, in the adventitia of bronchioles and in the interalveolar septa of the exposed groups when compared with the control group. Collagen deposition was marked in the 24h group when compared with the 6h group. Fibroblasts were also observed.
• The immunohistochemical and morphometrical results showed a significant increase in area fraction of caspase 3 and iNOS antibodies in the exposed groups when compared with the control group and significant increase in the 24h group when compared with the 6h group.