الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Myocardial ischemia is a situation where there is an inadequate blood and oxygen supply to the heart muscles due to partial or complete obstruction of the coronary arteries, predisposing the affected cardiac muscle to death. Hence, restoration of blood supply is critical to re-establish myocardial reperfusion.
The ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury of the myocardium initiates a variety and complex sets of inflammatory reactions that may both exaggerate local injury as well as provoke injury of distant organ function. I/R injuries are the main causes of heart failure, morbidity, and mortality after cardiac surgery such as coronary artery bypass graft (CABG surgery).
The pathogenesis of I/R injury has been described to be implicated by an oxidative stress reaction, intracellular calcium overload, neutrophil and leukocyte induction, and extreme intracellular osmotic load. This will generate harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anions (O−2), hydroxyl radicals (OH−), hypochlorous acid (HOCl), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and nitric oxide derived peroxynitrite. These ROS have the possibility to directly damage cardiomyocytes and blood vessels cells and activate inflammatory cascades through the generation of cytokines.