الفهرس 
REVIEW OF LITERATUREOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
SUMMARY
This study was carried out at the Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Shoubra El-khaima, Egypt and College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST), during the period from 2014 to 2018. It aimed to compare, identify, characterize and isolate pathogen-related genes from wheat infected with Puccinia triticina and from rice infected with Magnaporthe oryzae. The raw data were obtained from previous studies of RNA-sequencing experiments which showed differential expression of wheat and rice genes after infection with Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici and Magnaporthe oryzae respectively.
Thousands of genes were the start point of our study; 31768 up-regulated genes in wheat and 3902 up-regulated genes in rice, these genes were filtered according to fold change of more than 3 and removing variants and aligned to obtain the most common genes between wheat and rice in response to fungal infection which means; despite of different plants, different pathogenic fungi and different plant pathogen interaction responses, there were some pathways that may play an important role in response to fungal infection like Puccinia triticina in wheat and Magnaporthe oryzae in rice.
After multiple sequence alignment analysis, 55 high similarity groups were aligned, ten groups of up-regulated genes which share the same annotation were selected from each plant to be validated. Then for more validation, amino acid sequences of the twenty selected proteins in wheat and rice were checked for similarity by pairwise alignment using BLASTp tool on NCBI website (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi).
The similarity ratios after pairwise alignment ranged from 44% to 95%. Then, four weeks germinated plants of wheat and rice were infected with the pathogenic fungi Puccinia triticina and Magnaporthe oryzae, respectively. The samples were collected after 24 hr. of infection. Then, the gene expression of the selected genes was validated by real time PCR method after reverse transcription.
All genes in wheat were up-regulated with fold change equals 16.1672 for Traes_1AL_A3A29B974 (ammonium transporter), 56.8859 for Traes_1AL_CA2AFD745 (glutathione S- transferase), 6.4085 for Traes_1BL_4831B07DA (peroxidase), 15.2422 for Traes_1BS_06BB96937 (lipase-GDSL), 9.6130 for Traes_1DL_809CA70F3 (protein kinase), 5.0630 for Traes_1DS_92D0315C6 (cytochrome p450), 3.1821 for Traes_1DS_A171C7D59 (lyase aromatic), 9.4479 for Traes_2AS_FA7C1F225 (UDPGT), 11.2355 for Traes_2BL_85629BCE9 (cytochrome p450) and 7.0372 for Traes_2BL_C76BCE16D (UDGPT), but in rice: Os03t0838400 (ammonium transporter) was upregulated with 1.2354 fold change, Os10t0529400 (glutathione S- transferase) was down-regulated (0.9625), Os12t0111800 (peroxidase) was upregulated with 1.5368 fold change, Os10t0393800 (lipase-GDSL) was down regulated (0.8379), Os12t0595800 (protein kinase) was upregulated with 1.2311 fold change, Os07t0518100 (cytochrome p450) was upregulated with 1.2526 fold change, Os04t0518400 (lyase aromatic) was upregulated with 1.1134 fold change, Os03t0841600 (UDPGT) was down-regulated (0.1719), Os02t0570700 (cytochrome p450) was upregulated with fold change equals 1.2483 and Os01t0805400 (UDGPT) was upregulated with 2.2114 fold change.
The main findings of this study were as follows:
1. After multiple sequence alignment for protein sequences of rice (Accession no.: DRA000542) and wheat (Accession no.: PRJEB12497) which were obtained after 24 hrs of infection with Magnaporthe oryzae and Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, respectively (1087 sequences in wheat and 2428 sequnces in rice), 55 group of genes were aligned with high similarity, ten common sequence groups between wheat and rice were selected to be validated for similarity by pairwise alignment.
2. The ten common sequence groups between wheat and rice were tested for fungal resistance despite of the differences between used pathogenic fungi in parasitism, the interaction with their hosts and common ancestor divergence time between wheat and rice.
3. All ten genes of wheat were up-regulated.
4. Seven genes of rice (Os03t0838400, Os12t0111800, Os12t0595800, Os07t0518100, Os04t0518400, Os02t0570700 and Os01t0805400) were up-regulated, while three genes (Os10t0529400, Os03t0841600 and Os10t0393800) were down-regulated.
5. The variation of results may due to using different plant varieties and different fungal strains comparing with varieties and strains used in the searches of raw data.