الفهرس 
Introduction
Human SchistosomiasisOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Schistosoma infections affect more than 240 million people worldwide with Schistosoma haematobium accounts for nearly half of that number. The annual deaths due to urogenital schistosomiasis induced complications are about 150,000.
The bulk of the morbidity and mortality of urogenital schistosomiasis can be attributed to the host immune response against trapped Schistosoma eggs within the tissue with increase the susceptibility to malignant transformation of the bladder.
The present study was a case control study which included 15 patients from Assiut University urology hospital with a history of Schistosoma haematobium infection and diagnosed with bladder mass in the period from July 2017 to June 2018. They were presented with hematuria and their CT scan showed bladder mass and confirmed to be carcinogenic by cystoscopy and histopathological examination of biopsies. All patients were treated for any urinary tract infection before being included in the study. Blood samples were collected from all patients during the surgery, controls constituted 20 normal healthy subjects (laboratory personnel) who volunteered to donate 10 ml of blood for this study, whose age ranged from 25 to 55 years (Male19, Female 1). All blood samples were subjected to flowcytometric analysis of T lymphocytes and its subpopulation, and cytokine analysis (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF α).
Bladder cancer tissue samples were collected from all patients and subjected to tissue flowcytometry, the control group of tissue flowcytometry consisted of two cases of prostatic benign hyperplasia (PBH); their bladder mucosa was healthy without neither cancer nor metamorphosis of the mucosal cells and no bilharzial eggs.
After flowcytometry of the blood samples, the dot plot distribution of lymphocyte subsets in healthy control individuals showed that the total lymphocyte cells were 52%, total T-lymphocyte (CD3+) constituting 57%, Helper/inducer T cells (CD4+) were 35%, Suppressor/Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) were 17% while in patients the total lymphocyte decreased significantly into 39% which indicates general immunosuppression , (CD3+) cells percentage increased significantly into 69% due to antigenic stimulation by Schistosoma haematobium eggs, (CD4+) cells percentage increased significantly into 49.84% where the T helper cells keep inflammation going on, while (CD8+) cells decreased insignificantly into 13% to block the anti-cancer killing mechanism.
We analyzed the expression of Foxp3 in CD4+CD25- and CD4+CD25high cells from patients and healthy donors using flowcytometry. the correlation between CD4+CD25 high and CD4+CD25- cells with the produced Foxp3 cells was measured showing highly positive significant correlation between CD25high cells and the produced Foxp3 cells. Whereas CD4+CD25- have non-significant negative correlation with the produced Foxp3 cells, these findings indicated that the CD4+CD25high cells detected in peripheral blood of patients are indeed regulatory T cells; these cells were highly significantly increased in patients when compared with the healthy group leading to limiting anti-tumor immunity.
Regarding cytokine profile, IL-1, IL-6, and TNFα levels were significantly higher up to 4 folds increase in the patient group in comparison to the control group.
Tissue flowcytometric analysis revealed a significant reduction in the level of CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ in all collected cancer tissue samples.
In attempt to study the evaluation of Schistosoma haematobium antigen in diagnosis of Schistosoma bovis in cattle and buffaloes, we performed ELISA test using Schistosoma haematobium SEA, and serum samples from cattle and buffaloes randomly slaughtered in Assiut Abattoir, the results were negative in buffaloes, but the antigen showed efficacy in case of cattle and the result reached 4%.