الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
By age, body composition changes with gain of fat mass and loss of skeletal muscle mass. Sarcopenia is a chronic inflammatory disease which causes chronic disease and increases mortality rates.
Sarcopenia is a multifactorial disorder, which occurs due to disuse, altered endocrine function, chronic diseases, inflammation, insulin resistance, and nutritional deficiencies. The diagnosis of sarcopenia should be considered in all older patients who present with altered physical function and general health.
Elder patients with sarcopenia had shown increased risk of developing respiratory impairment due to aging of lungs. Aging of lungs occurs due to frequent exposure to environmental toxins as well as reductions in physiological capacity.
Respiratory muscle strength may be related to skeletal muscle mass. As aging progresses, skeletal muscle mass decreases, and respiratory muscle mass may also decrease. A reduction in diaphragm muscle mass was observed in elder patients as well as decrease in peripheral muscle mass that led to respiratory muscle sarcopenia.
Recent work revealed the relation of respiratory impairment as an age-adjusted reduction in spirometric measures and pulmonary function that are independently associated with adverse health outcomes.
The study objective was to evaluate the association between muscle mass and pulmonary function changes in healthy Egyptian men and women aged 65 years or older.
This cross-sectional study included 100 men and women for matched age. They were classified into two groups: group I included 70 patients with sarcopenia and group II included 30 patients without sarcopenia. Subjects with chronic respiratory disease or chronic systemic disease were excluded from the study.
The following procedures were done during the study: (1) Informed consent was obtained from each patient in this study, (2) Full history with particular stress on: history of smoking, onset and duration of any chronic pulmonary diseases, onset and duration of muscle weakness, frequency of exercise, history of chronic disease and history of surgery; (3) Assessment of the geriatric condition; (4) Laboratory investigation included: liver function tests, renal function tests and complete blood picture; (5) Anthropometric measurements like as mid upper arm circumference, calf circumference and Oxygen saturation by Pulse oximetry; (6) Respiratory muscles performance evaluated by maximal expiratory pressures and pulmonary function tests.
Results revealed that there was no statistical significant difference between both groups of the study regarding age and sex; and investigations as liver function tests, lipid profile and renal function tests.
The study showed a significant reduction in mid upper arm circumference and calf circumference of sarcopenic patients than non-sarcopenic persons.
Also the study revealed a significant decrease in FVC, FEV1, PEmax, FEF25-75 and ASM in sarcopenic persons than non-sarcopenic persons while a non-significant change in FEV1/FVC and oxygen saturation in both groups.
It was concluded that with the advance of age there was decrease in the muscle bulk with somewhat decline in the muscle strength and function that can negatively affect the respiratory muscle and some respiratory functions. More studies will be needed in the future to assess the effect of sarcopenia and its relation to respiratory physiological parameters which spirometric or nonspirometric results.