الفهرس 
1-a: Overweight and Obesity definitionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The present work is dealing with the polymorphisms of MTHFR (C677T & A1298C) and ACE in obese persons at Gaza city. The association between these polymorphisms and some of the most common biochemical investigations were performed.
The study was conducted on 36 men and 41 women overweight∕ obese Palestinian volunteers. The study included also 11 men and 14 women healthy individuals of ideal weight. The participants were classified by BMI as: normal weight ≤ 25 kg∕m2, overweight ˃ 25: 30 kg∕m2 and obese over 30 kg∕m2. The mean of their age was 25 and 35 for healthy and obese subjects respectively. The present work consists of two parts:
1- Biochemical analysis.
2- Genetic polymorphisms identification for MTHFR (C677T & A1298C) and ACE genes.
Blood samples were collected from normal and obese persons to carry out the biochemical and DNA analysis. The biochemical investigations including evaluation of FBS, urea, creatinine, uric acid. AST, ALT and lipid profiles were also performed. PCR using specific primers for the studied genes was included. The PCR products were digested with restriction enzymes, HinfI for C677T and MboII for A1298C. The amplified products were analyzed by QIAxcel instrument in combination with QIAxcel DNA screening kit. Such technology based on capillary electrophoresis using QIAxcel gel cartridges. The data were displayed as an electropherogram or gel image. The statistical analyses were carried out for each evaluation. The results obtained could be summarized as follows:
1- The biochemical results:
a- The results of the normal BMI persons:
FBS, urea, creatinine, uric acid, AST and ALT indicated non-significant differences comparing to the normal range of these values. The lipid profiles of most of the healthy studied persons were found to be within the normal level with some definite exceptions.
b- The results of overweight∕ obese persons:
As for the means of FBS, urea, creatinine, uric acid, AST and ALT levels approached to the standard levels. The mean of lipid profiles in both sexes is exceeded the normal values in Chol, TG and LDL. Considering the examined obese men briefly 20, 25, 31 and 10 cases showed high level of Chol, TG, LDL and VLDL respectively. Two cases with higher AST values. Most of these cases showed BMI higher than 35 kg∕m2.
Respecting the obese women, FBS was found in the normal range just one case has high level of AST and ALT. whereas, many cases were picked out with high readings of lipid profiles, i.e. 24, 29, 38 and 9 cases showed high score of Chol, TG, LDL and VLDL respectively.
Statistical analysis for the biochemical results was performed through Chi-square test. Moreover, the relations between the different phenotypic parameters (height, weight, waist circumference) and biochemical results were found by using Pearson correlation coefficient test. Many valuable relationships were withdrawn.
2- Gene analysis:
a- ACE polymorphisms:
PCR products were characterized directly by capillary electrophoresis QIAxcel instrument for band size determination. The allele typing was identified through the image. Two types of alleles were produced, insertion (I) with 490 bp, and deletion (D) with 190 bp. Three forms of genotypes were spotted in obese individuals. Forty one persons (56.16%) have DD, twenty seven cases (36.99%) have ID, and five subjects (6.85%) have II genotypes. All of the spotted genotyping were identified. After processing the data were displayed as an electropherogram image. Statistically, allele frequency revealed that D is highly represented than I allele in the normal cases. With respect the obese cases, the same conclusion were obtained, D more representative in women than men. Applied least square means between the different ACE alleles and the examined biochemical variables, a limited significant correlation was found between the different (DD, ID & II) genotypes and Chol, TG and VLDL. The homozygous DD have the highest correlation compared with the other genotypes.
b- MTHFR:
i- C677T polymorphism:
The 198 bp PCR products were digested with HinfI restriction enzyme, cut into parts one at 175 bp and the other at 23 pb which is known as T allele, the uncut allele C (198bp). Many images for capillary electrophoresis bands and their accompanied pherogram were obtained and analyzed.
Briefly, the majority of the examined obese persons had CC genotypes, fifty two cases (81.25%), and eleven subjects (17.19%) had the homozygous TT genotypes. The heterozygous genotypes (CT) were hardly picked up. Statistically, the results were in parallel with the above calculations. The lowest frequency of T allele was observed in normal BMI women. In contrast the highest frequency was found in normal BMI men and vice versa for C allele. The men had the lowest frequency while the women had the highest value. Respecting the obese group (C) is the mostly reported in the men.
Considering the correlations between the detected genotypes (CC & TT), significant differences p < 0.05 with HDL was the only obtained correlation. No signs of significant differences could be withdrawn with the other biochemical parameters.
ii- A1298C polymorphism:
Seventy seven cases were studied; four cases gave negative results. Seventy two cases (98.63%) with (CC) genotypes were observed, one case only (1.33%) had (AC) genotype. As regards the control persons all of the eleven successful cases (100%) had (CC) structure.
Amplification of MTHFR (A1298C) produced 163 bp fragments; MboII enzyme cleaved it into 56, 31, 30, 28 and 18 bp (allele C). While the (A allele) was the un-cut allele. All of the analyzed electrophoresis and electropherogram showed (CC) genotyping forms, except one case showed the heterozygous (AC) genotype and this was the only representative case among the investigated cases.
Statistically, the allele frequencies revealed that allele (A) was represented in only one case. While (C) allele was observed all over the remaining examined cases. Genotype frequencies (CC) were the most abundant. AA genotype was hardly picked out. AC was detected in only one obese man.
CC and AC were correlated with the urea concentrations. With the exception of this observation no correlations could be withdrawn.
In conclusion, the results suggest that obese with BMI higher than 35 kg∕m2 showed high levels of Chol, TG, LDL and VLDL. DD genotypes have highest correlation with Chol, TG and VLDL. CC and AC genotypes were correlated with urea concentrations. Our result showed no correlation between Methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (C677T, A1298C) and Angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphisms and overweight/obesity among Palestinian adults in Gaza city.