الفهرس 
INTRODUCTION
Background of meat adulterationOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 162 |  |  |
| | | from | 162 | | |
Abstract
Adulteration of meat products has become a common problem in many countries. Adulteration may take the form of substitution of one species for another whereby the food products from one species have been mixed intentionally with either similar substitute material or cheaper species. Thus, species identification of animal tissue in meat products is an important issue in protecting the consumer from illegal or undesirable adulteration, for economic, religious and health reasons.
In the current study, a total of 120 different industrial and handmade beef meat product samples were randomly collected from restaurants, butchers, hypermarkets and local shops located in various regions in Assiut city during the year 2017.The samples to be analyzed for detection of meat species adulteration(chicken, donkey and human tissues). The beef meat product samples represented as 30 each of raw beef burger, beef oriental sausage, beef kofta and beef luncheon (10 samples of each, high price, low price industrial frozen and handmade chilled freshof beef meat product while 15 sample of high price and low price of beef luncheon samples).All the samples were subjected to examine by AGID and MAGID. After that, 40 samples (10 of each meat product type, 3samples selected from eachhigh price, low price product and 4samples from handmade chilled samples) were chosen from the previously examined samples byAGIDand MAGID(positive and negative result samples) to be further analyzed for confirmation of meat species adulteration using conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique. Additionally,some samples of raw beef meat products (burger, sausage, kofta and luncheon) which previously examined by AGID, MAGID and PCR were selected for histological examination.The obtained results can be summarized as follows:
1. Detection of adulteration with chicken,donkeyand human tissue by AGID and MAGID:
For application of AGID technique meat extract from beef, chicken, donkey and human placenta were prepared. Hyper- immune sera were prepared in rabbits by subcutaneous injection of meat extracts. Then rabbits were bled and blood collected to get the specific antisera. Positive results indicated by appearance of clear precipitin line between the antibody and the corresponding antigen in prepared gel plates with assurance that no cross reaction occurred between species.For development of AGID methods and improve of sensitivity and accuracy to identify meat species, MAGID was applied. The modified agar gel immunodiffusion (MAGID)technique was performed in the previousexamined agar gel plates after recorded the results, the same equal quantity of antigen and antiserum added in the same wells.
1. Raw beef burger samples:The results pointed out that allhigh priceindustrial frozen raw beef burger samples examined by AGIDcontained beef meat and free from donkey species and human tissue. But there were 3(30%), out of 10 samples proved to be adulterated with chicken meat. Additionally, 100% of the samples examined by MAGID contained beef species and not contained human tissue. However, there are about 3(30%) and 1(10%) ofthe examined 10 samples adulterated with chicken and donkey meat, respectively.
The results also revealed that 100% of low priceindustrial frozen raw beef burger samples detected by AGID andMAGIDcontained beef meat, and none of samples was adulterated with donkey species or contained human tissue. Furthermore, there are 2(2%) out of the 10 samples were adulterated with chicken meat.
The results showed that all theraw handmadechilled beef burger samples examined by AGID contained beef meat, and also free from chicken and donkey species. But thehuman tissue can be detected in the 4(40%) out of the examined 10 samples. Additionally, the same samples examined by MAGID and the results pointed out that 100% of samples contained beef meat, and about of 4 (4%) out of the examined 10 samples were adulterated with donkey species and contained human tissue. Moreover, the chicken specieswere not detected in any of the examined samples.
The total findings of the examined raw beef burger samples revealed that all the samples examined by AGID and MAGID have the same result, where 30(100%), 5(16.6) and 4(13.3%) out of the examined 30 samples were contained beef, chicken and human tissue, respectively. Although none of the examined samples by AGID was proved to be adulterated with donkey species, but by MAGID, there were 5(16.6%) out of 30 the examined samples were adulterated with donkey species.
2. Raw beef oriental sausage samples: The results obtained of the high price industrial frozenraw beef oriental sausage samples examined by AGID and MAGID revealed that 100% of the examined samples contained beef meat and not contained human tissue. On the other hand, there were 1(10%) out of 10 examined samples were adulterated with chicken species. Donkey meat was not detectedin the samples examined by AGID but it was detected in 1(10%) out of 10 samples examined by MAGID.
The same results were obtained when the low price in