الفهرس 
ROUTING PROTOCOLS for HETEROGENEOUS WSNSOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
One of the main constraints in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is the
energy consumption, which occurs due to the different transmission
techniques applied on the network nodes. This thesis presents an extensive
analysis of routing protocols in heterogeneous WSNs namely; Stable Election
Protocol (SEP)-based protocols and Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering
(DEEC)-based protocols. The performance is evaluated in terms of; stability,
instability period, network life-time, throughput, and energy consumption.
This thesis proposes two protocols (1, 2) which depend on SEP and
DEEC-based and present four proposed protocols. Firstly, we propose
Enhanced Zonal-SEP (EZSEP) and Zonal Threshold-DEEC (ZTDEEC)
protocols in which we divide the network field into certain zones to improve
the connectivity of the far normal nodes that have lower energy than other
nodes with base station (BS). Secondly, we propose Threshold-based EZSEP
(TE-ZSEP) and Enhanced-ZTDEEC (EZ-TDEEC) protocols to modify the
way we select the CHs in heterogeneous routing protocols. In these two
protocols we redefine the threshold formula used in EZSEP and ZTDEEC to
consider both energy and distance parameters. By combining the idea of
dividing the network field into certain zones and the modified threshold
formula, the proposed TE-ZSEP and EZ-TDEEC protocols can effectively
improve the energy consumption in heterogeneous WSN and prolong its lifetime.
To overcome the problem of energy consumption and large
transmission distance between both normal nodes and cluster-heads (CHs)
with BS exists in Zonal-SEP. We present proposed protocol (3), which has the
three proactive routing protocols. The first protocol is a circle ZSEP (CZSEP),
is a two-level heterogeneous energy protocol with a circle zone located at the
Abstract
III
center of the network field to deploy the normal nodes and the advanced nodes
are randomly distributed around this circle zone. The second protocol is
CZSEP with helper nodes (CZSEP-HN) and is a three-level heterogeneous
energy protocol. In CZSEP-HN they add helper nodes in certain places in the
network field to minimize the energy consumption in CZSEP. Both CZSEP
and CZSEP-HN can overcome the problem of large transmission distance
between normal nodes and BS and between CHs and BS exists in conventional
ZSEP. Finally, the third protocol is a modified CZSEP-HN (MCZSEP-HN)
used to overcome the problem of energy consumption in CZSEP-HN.
MCZSEP-HN is a four-level heterogeneous energy protocol with two circle
zones one for normal nodes and the other for intermediate nodes.