الفهرس 
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Pain is a prominent part of the patient experience in the ICU. The goal of therapy is to provide adequate analgesia and sedation without using adverse autonomic or cardiopulmonary consequences. A balanced, multidrug approach is usually the best way to minimize side effects. Providing effective pain relief in the critical care unit is one of the most direct methods of decreasing postoperative complications and healthcare costs in high-risk surgical patients. The pathophysiology of pain consists of nociceptors, afferent fibers, spinal cord, supraspinal pathways of pain, neurochemistry and modulation of pain and deleterious effects of pain. Assessment of pain in the ICU is challenging, a major challenge is facing comatose patients, patients on mechanical ventilation, endotracheal tube or tracheostomy, the second step is identifying the underlying cause. Therefore, the aim of this study was to review the recent advances in pain relief in intensive care unit patients. ICU patients have many potential sources of pain. Clearly, acute pain may be caused by whatever injuries or illness required an ICU admission: for example, following trauma, surgery, or sepsis. However, pain may also be caused or worsened by routine medical procedures, nursing care, or by the ICU environment itself. Many ICU patients also suffer from chronic pain prior to their ICU admission. Medical procedures such as surgical incisions, drains, and the use of endotracheal tubes all have the potential to cause pain. Nursing procedures such as turning, tracheal suctioning, and dressing changes, may also cause pain. Acute confessional states or sleep deprivation associated with the ICU environment may also worsen a patient’s experience of pain.