الفهرس 
LITERATURE REVIEWOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Increasing concern with environmental pollution due to the combustion of conventional fossil fuels is receiving great attention towards the development of sustainable alternative energy sources. Additionally, fossil fuels are non-renewable source of energy, but a potential source of pollutants which causes global warming and change in the climate pattern. Alternative renewable energy options can be considered as a helpful solution to overcome the limitation of fossil fuels, as a result of increasing in energy demand so fossil fuel consumption increase as well. To fulfil the energy demand, biofuels are one of the most potential options among currently available renewable energy sources. Biodiesel production is considered as one of the potential options among existing biofuels production technologies due to its renewable nature, low toxicity and has a low environmental impact rather than that for the petroleum-based diesel.
Advantages of using biodiesel as a replacement for diesel fuel are:
• Renewable fuel, obtained from vegetable oils or animal fats.
• Low toxicity, in comparison with diesel fuel.
• Degrades more rapidly than diesel fuel, minimizing the environmental consequences of biofuel spills
. • Lower emissions of contaminants: carbon monoxide, particulate matter, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aldehydes.
• Lower health risk, due to reduced emissions of carcinogenic substances.
• No sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions. • Higher flash point (100C minimum).
• May be blended with diesel fuel at any proportion; both fuels may be mixed during the fuel supply to vehicles.
• Excellent properties as a lubricant.
• It is the only alternative fuel that can be used in a conventional diesel engine, without modifications.
• Used cooking oils and fat residues from meat processing may be used as raw materials.
The biggest advantage and increasing interest towards the biodiesel production is mainly due to its ability to use unlimited range of feedstocks such as vegetable oil, waste cooking oil, non-edible oil for the production of biodiesel solves two problems that of sourcing a cheap raw material from a renewable resource that does not compete with food and that of tackling the waste management problems associated with meat production previous researchers have effectively utilized mutton fat, chicken fat, lard and beef tallow , as alternative sources for transesterification processes. Chicken can have a 30% fat content of the total poultry meat. The chicken fat can be simply and economically separated from wastes without chemical solvent treatment. It is likely to believe that more consumers lead to an increasing amount of poultry fat wastes resulting from its slaughter; consequently, the recycling of poultry fat wastes has been subject of study, since their incorporation in animal diets was restricted due to the potential transmission of infectious diseases between different animal species. However, the best fat, which is easier extracted and less contaminated, comes from the following three major parts of skin: bottom, body and wings. Biodiesel production for current work carried out by transesterification which is regarded as the most suitable process and it is highly popular because of its low cost and simplicity and it reduces the viscosity of oil, making it suitable for engines and equipment. Transesterification derived biodiesel has lowest viscosity compared to that produced from other methods. Transesterification is the process of converting triglyceride and alcohol to fatty acid alkyl ester and glycerol. The total mass of oil obtained from melted chicken fats was 10kg, showing a fat extraction yield of 35% w/w. while that for barbequed chicken waste was 10 kg, showing a fat extraction yield of 70% w/w. The amount of extracted fat was higher than the needed for the experiments, for safety reasons. The fatty acid profile for current work is 33.67% for saturated fatty acid, on the other hand the fatty acid content for unsaturated fatty acid for present study is 66.31%.
Results of the present study clearly demonstrated that the use of chicken fats is very suitable as low cost feed stocks for biodiesel production as all results are compliance with ASTM standards. The optimal reaction conditions for production of methyl esters from chicken and are established as follows. The reaction time of 90 min at 60oC, 6:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil and 1% NaOH w/w of fat weight of chicken fat which is 150 gm of chicken fat.
The studied parameters for biodiesel produced in current work from chicken fat waste (upon roasting and barbequed) are standards , Density @ 15.56oC ,value of Flash Point, oC , Kinematic viscosity @ 40oC, cSt and Total acid number, mg KOH/ gm which are tested according to ASTM- D6751(2002) standards .
All the results obtained , were compatible with ASTM D6751(2002) standards , Density @ 15.56oC for current work was near other results for (Kambiz et al., 2011,Selva and Lima, 2011 and Moreira et al., 2009) which were 0.864, 0.870 and 0.878 respectively ,while the value of Flash Point, oC for current work higher than that for (Moreira et al.,2009) which was (170-178 oC) , Kinematic viscosity @ 40oC, cSt value for current work was compatible with ASTM D6751(2002) standards as that for other authors (Kambiz et al., 2011,Selva and Lima, 2011 and Moreira et al., 2009) and Total acid number, mg KOH/ gm was in agreement of with ASTM standards for current work and for (Selva and Lima, 2011 and Moreira et al., 2009).
After that the produced biodiesel blended by the following procedure:
Considering that chicken skin biodiesel is a liquid at the ambient laboratory temperature (25 °C), to prepare the blends, the biodiesel was immediately mixed with the mineral diesel under gentle stirring. In addition to the “pure” diesel (B0) and biodiesel (B100), the following blends were prepared for each biodiesel: 10% v/v (B10); 20% v/v (B20). Results show that all results are compatible with ASTM D6751 (2002) standards for all previously mentioned parameters.
So we concluded that the use of chicken fats is very suitable as low cost feed stocks for biodiesel production.