الفهرس 
Chapter 1: Pediatric sedationOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Surgery is extremely stressful for any child, and the pain associated with tissue damage is an adverse experience, to provide children with maximum comfort during and after surgical procedures, new methods for effective and safe analgesia were being pursued.
Nalbuphine is an agonist-antagonist opioid that has analgesic and sedative effects, and because of the ceiling effect, it does not cause respiratory depression. In the perioperative therapy of pediatric patients, it can be used for premedication, sedation during diagnostic procedures, and postoperative pain treatment. Nalbuphine reverses the adverse reactions of other opioids (e.g., itching, urine retention) without significantly influencing its analgesic properties.
Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to assess the sedative effect of nalbuphine in pediatrics and the secondary aim of this study was to asses possible side effects of which have a potential to occur
A prospective randomized controlled study was carried out after obtaining written informed consent from all parents of children or their guardians and approval of the ethics committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University. 50 children Patients with ASA I or II physical status between 4 and 8 years old undergoing elective lower abdominal surgeries were included in the study. All patients attended to operation rooms at Menoufia University Hospitals during the period from September 2018 till June 2019. Before the start of operation Emla cream administrated topically 2.5 gram over about 20 to 25 cm2 of skin surface about one hour before insertion of the IV cannula, about 10-15 min patients were randomized by a computer-generated program into two equal parallel groups: