الفهرس 
The hippocampus composes of five stratumsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The present study aimed to assess the effects of Ginkgo Biloba Extract and Troxerutin on the hippocampus of induced diabetes mellitus in adult albino rats using histological and immunohistochemical methods. In this study, 50 adult male albino rats about 200 grams weight aging 3-6 months were used and maintained under specific clean conditions in the animal house of Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University. The animals were divided into three groups as follow: group I (Control): This group consisted of 10 rats and was subdivided into two equal subgroups: Subgroup Ia (negative control) Subgroup Ib (vehicle control) group II (diabetic group) : This group included thirty rats. The animals received single intraperitoneal injection of Streptozotocin at a dose of 60 mg/kg after fasting overnight. Rats with blood glucose levels exceeding 300 mg/dl for 2 consecutive days were considered to be diabetic, and assessed in this study. After 4 weeks from diabetic induction, diabetic rats were divided into three equal subgroups; Subgroup IIa( type1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM)) The rats received 1 ml saline daily by intraperitoneal injection for 4weeks. Subgroup IIb (T1DM+GBE) The rats recieved ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) at a dose of 100 mg /kg daily dissolved in saline by intraperitoneal injection for 4weeks Subgroup IIc(T1DM+ troxerutin) The rats recieved troxerutin at a dose of 60 mg /kg daily dissolved in saline by intraperitoneal injection for 4weeks group III (drug): This group included ten rats and was equally divided into two subgroups ; Subgroup IIIa (GBE) The rats recieved ginkgo biloba extract at a dose of 100mg /kg daily by intraperitoneal injection. Subgroup IIIb (troxerutin): The rats received troxerutin at a dose of 60mg /kg daily by intraperitoneal injection. At the end of the experiment, all rats were anaesthetized and decapitated . The brain was extracted for light microscopic and electron microscopic study for the hippocampus. Results: Diabetes reduced body weights and there was a statistically insignificant improvement in animal weights in subgroup IIb (T1DM+GBE) and subgroup IIc (T1DM+ troxerutin). Diabetes increased blood glucose levels. subgroup IIb (T1DM+GBE) showed a statistically significant reduction of blood glucose levels while the subgroup IIc (T1DM+ troxerutin) showed insignificant reduction of blood glucose levels. Diabetes disturbed the light microscopic structure of the hippocampus. In subgroup IIb (T1DM+GBE) and subgroup IIc (T1DM+trox) the hippocampus retained an apparently normal appearance and the stratum pyramidale exhibited the pyramidal cells with rounded -vesicular nuclei and acidophilic cytoplasm. Diabetic hippocampal sections revealed negative PCNA immunoreactivity in all layers of DG. In subgroup IIb (T1DM+GBE) and subgroup IIc (T1DM+trox) hippocampal sections, showed positive immunoreactivity. Diabetes affected the ultrastructure of the hippocampus and The number of synapses decreased with synaptic abnormalities . In subgroup IIb (T1DM+GBE) and subgroup IIc (T1DM+trox), these changes were resolved with normal appearance and the organelles and synapses returned to normal. Conclusions The results of the study may be helpful in understanding the complications of diabetes on the hippocampal neurons and in the prevention of this neuronal damage with GBE and troxerutin. GBE possesses antihyperglycemic and antioxidant activities in STZinduced diabetes. It protects all hippocampal areas against diabetic damage. Troxerutin alleviates the oxidative stress and relieves the altered hippocampal histology in diabetic rats with its major effect on CA3. Diabetes affects the adult neurogenesis in DG. On the other hand, GBE and troxerutin improves adult neurogenesis but further work is necessary to elucidate in detail the mechanism of action of the GBE and troxerutin at the molecular levels.