الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study was carried out during the two consecutive seasons of 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 on fourty eight uniform in vigour own rooted 11 years old of grapevine cv Flame, seedless grown in a El Karma private, vineyard, located at Talla village, Minia district, Minia Governorate where the texture of the soil is clay.
The selected vines are planted at 1.5 x 3 meters apart. The chosen vines were trained 48 vines by spur pruning system leaving 72 eyes/ vine (12 fruiting spurs x 5 eyes plus six replacement spurs x two eyes) using Gable supporting method. Winter pruning was conducted on the first week of Jan. during both seasons. Surface irrigation system was followed using Nile water containing 150 ppm salinity.
This study was planned to examine the effect of Ethrel, Proton as a source of ABA and amino acids on berries maturation, yield as well as physical and chemical characteristics of the berries of grapevine cv Flame seedless, grown under Middle Egypt conditions.
The selected vines (48 vines) received the same horticultural practiced that were already applied in the vineyard except application of Ethrel, proton and amino acid.
This experiment included the following eight treatments from single and combined applications of Ehrel at 300 ppm , proton at 200 ppm and amino acids at 1% :
1- Control.
2- Spraying ethrel at 300 ppm ( 0.62 ml / L)
3- Spraying protone at 200 ppm ( 2 ml/L)
4- Spraying amino acids at 1% ppm ( 10 ml/L)
5- Spraying ethrel at 300 ppm+ protone at 200 ppm
6- Spraying ethrel at 300 ppm + amino acids at 1%
7- Spraying protone at 200 ppm + amino acids at 1%
8- Spraying ethrel at 300 ppm + protone at 200 ppm + amino acids at 1%
Each treatment was replicated three times, two vine per each. Ethrel (48%) and Proton (10% AB) and amino acids were sprayed once at veraison stage when approximately 10% of the berries per cluster on 50% of the number of vine clusters had softened veraisonsdag .
Triton B as a wetting agent was added at 0.05%. Spraying was done till clusters runoff.
Complete randomized block design (CRBD) was followed Each treatment were replicated three times, two vine per each.
The nearly obtained data during both seasons could be summarized under the following main items:
1- Maturation time:
Treating clusters of grapevine cv flame seedless once at veraison stage when 10% of the berries in half clusters number was red coloured or softened with ethrel at 300 ppm, protone at 200 ppm, and amino acids ( tryptophane , methionene and cysteine) at 1% either alone or in combinations succeeded in promoting maturation date rather than the control treatment. Application of ethrel was superior than using protone in this respect. The highest values were obtained when clusters of flame seedless grapevine were sprayed with a mixture of ethrel at 300 ppm, protone at 200 ppm and amino acids at 1%.
A great enhancement on fruit maturation was recorded in grapevine cv. Flame seedless subjected to a mixture of ethrel at 300 ppm , protone at 200 ppm and amino acids at 1% once at veraison stage.
2- Yield / vine and cluster weight:
Yield/ vine and cluster weight were unaffected with the ethrel , protone and amino acid treatments relative to the control.
3- Percentage of berries shattering:
A slight increase on the percentage of berries shattering was observed due to using the ethrel, protone and amino acid treatments compared to the control.
4- Percentage of berries colouration:
Treating clusters of grapevine cv flame seedless with ethrel at 300 ppm, protone at 200 ppm and amino acids at 1 % either applied singly or in combinations had an announced promotion on the percentage of berries colouration. . Combined applications were preferable than using each material alone in this respect. The highest values were recorded on the vines that received one spray of a mixture of ethrel at 300 ppm protone at 200 ppm and amino acids at 1%. The lowest values were recorded on untreated flame seedless grapevines.
5- Berry weight and dimensions (longitudinal & equatorial) .
Berry weight and dimensions were unaffected with the present ethrel, protone and amino acid treatments relative to the control.
6- Chemical characteristics of the berries
Treating clusters of flame seedless grapevines singly or in combinations with ethrel , protone and amino acids was followed by enhancing T.S.S. %, T.S.S. / acid , reducing sugars and total anthocyanins and at the same time decreasing both total acidity and total phenols compared to the control. Using ethrel was Superior than using protone. Also, combined applications, were preferable than using each material alone in this respect.
The best effective treatment responsible for promoting chemical quality characteristics was the use of a mixture of ethrel at 300 ppm, protone at 200 ppm and amino acid at % in grapevine cv Flame seedless. Untreated flame seedless grapevines produced unfavourable effects on chemical quality parameters.
CONCLUSION:
For solving the problem of irregular coloration of the berries in the clusters of Flame seedless grapevines grown under Middle Egypt region conditions, it is suggested to subject the clusters of the vines once at veraison stage and when approximately 10% of the berries on 50% of the clusters had softened with ethrel (48%) at 300 ppm , protone (10% ABA) as 200 ppm ABA and amino acids at 1%.