الفهرس 
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Abstract
The experimental work of this master thesis was conducted at the University of Rovira i Virgili in the Electric engineering department under the supervision of Professor Lluís F. Marsal. So, I would love to thank him and Dr pilar Formintine for introducing me to the fundamentals of research work and for their valuable instructions and advice, hospitality and caring. Also, many thanks to professor Eduard LIobet for his follow-up and guidance during the three months research stay at Rovira and sincere gratitude to Dr pilar for her help in the publishing procedure.
I would also love to thank NEPHOS group (Maria Pilar Montero, Jose Guadalupe Sanchez, Karen Acosta, Laura and the rest) for their cooperation, hospitality, guidance in the laboratory, and for the walks and good times in Tarragona. Thanks to Dr. Victor S. Balderrama for his guidance through the evaporation process, and for teaching me how to use the glove box to deposit gold via the E-beam evaporator. Many thanks to Lukas Vojkuvka for the times at the clean room and for introducing me with the setups of the laser lithography. Also, thanks to Mariana Trifonova for the good ESEM images.
Many thanks to professor Ahmad Maarouf for his intense quantum physics lectures, his guidance and hospitality. Thanks to all the professors who taught us all the courses during this master program in Egypt. Thanks to professor Ahmad I. Abou-kandil for the chemistry and physics at nanoscales lectures and for Prof Tönu Pullerits and K. Karki from Lund University for introducing my colleagues and me on the basics of the ultrafast spectroscopy.
from the University of Pierre and Marie Curie, I would love to express my sincerest thanks and gratitude for professor Pr M.Marangolo for his quantum toward semiconductor lectures and professor M.Boutchich for his very rich lectures in semiconductors physics. Thanks to professor Romain Danneau from the KIT and Carlos J. Tavares from the University of Minho. Thanks to Dr. Inshad Yousef and Jumana Abu-Khalaf from the German Jordanian university. Many thanks to professor Mohamed Abdellah for his week of training on perovskite synthesis and characterization. Thanks for all the people in the American University in Cairo for the week of training on the fabrication and characterization instruments at their clean room.
Many thanks for my colleagues in Egypt Mona Goda, Abanoub Refat, Motazz Mostaffa, Eman and Hussam Elnabawy, Ahmad Elsayes, Ahmad Mounir, Samar Mahmoud and all the rest who made life there easier and for their caring and hospitality
Deep and sincere gratitude for Professor Rami J.Owies for believing in me at the first place and for giving me the chance to do all of that, also for his firm attitudes and honesty and for his guidance and cooperation during all the three years that I knew him since.