الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Haematuria in children is one of the most common urinary abnormalities detected by several screening studies. Clinical work-up and multiple investigations are required to find the cause of haematuria.Haematuria should be classified as macroscopic (gross) or microscopic, asymptomatic or symptomatic, isolated or combined with proteinuria, and persistent or intermittent.Persistent haematuria means recurrent gross haematuria or persistent presence of 5 or more RBCs in urine per high-power field microscopically. Persistent haematuria is reported in children with microscopic haematuria on 2 initial urine samples and 2 subsequent evaluations after 4–6 months.Persistent haematuria is usually associated with glomerular medical diseases. Common diseases in children presenting with persistent haematuria are benign familial haematuria also known as thin basement membrane nephropathy, idiopathic hypercalciuria, IgA nephropathy and Alport syndrome.This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on renal biopsies from children with persistent haematuria received at pathology laboratory of Mansoura University Children Hospital (MUCH) during the period from 2014 to 2018. It was done to spot light on the prevalence of different glomerular disease entities causing persistent haematuria in children in our locality. It aimed also at exploring the contribution and importance of electron microscopy in diagnosis of these glomerular diseases.Demographic and clinical data of previously diagnosed cases were retrieved from archive of pathology laboratory and their biopsies were re-examined. As regard newly referred cases during period of the study, received renal biopsies were processed for subsequent histopathological examination under light microscope, immunofluorescence microscope and electron microscope.Slides that were stained by flouresceine labelled Anti-human immunoglobulins against IgG, IgM, IgA and C3 were examined to detect presence or absence of deposits, their location and pattern of staining.Electron microscopic examination of biopsies included evaluation of the basement membrane thickness, texture, outer aspect of glomerular capillary wall and podocytes. In addition, biopsies were evaluated for presence or absence of hypercellularity, electron dense deposits with their location and if there were any other findings.This study showed that the most common diagnosis was Alport syndrome in 46 cases (57.5%), followed by thin basement membrane nephropathy in 23 cases (28.75%) and then IgA nephropathy in 3 cases (3.75%). Other non-specific findings were reported in 8 cases (10%).Conclusion: Persistent haematuria in children is associated with several glomerular diseases and the prevalence of these diseases in our locality is different from that reported in other studies carried out in other localities. Electron microscope is essential in the diagnosis of most of these diseases.