الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
An epileptic seizure is defined conceptually as: “a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.” Seizures are defined by onset as: focal, generalized, unknown, or unclassifiable. “Focal” is synonymous with the old term “partial.” The term “generalized” has been retained unchanged. A generalized onset seizure is when both hemispheres (potentially asymmetrically) are activated at onset of the seizure, according to behavior and EEG. “Unknown” onset refers to when the onset is unknown but other manifestations are known. “Unclassified” remains as a category, although usage may decrease given the addition of additional seizure types and the “unknown onset” category. Few events are clearly seizures, yet unclassifiabl1).The etiology of epilepsy may be structural,genetic,infectious, metabolic,immune and unknown etiology
Anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) are neither preventive nor curative and are employed solely as a means of controlling symptoms (i.e. suppression of seizures). Recurrent seizure activity is the manifestation of an intermittent and excessive hyperexcitability of the nervous system. AEDs essentially redress the balance between neuronal excitation and inhibition. Three major classes of mechanism are recognized: modulation of voltage-gated ion channels; enhancement of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated inhibitory neurotransmission; and atten Carbamazepine:It blocks the sodium channel in a voltage- and use-dependent fashion, reducing high frequency neuronal firing uation of glutamate-mediated excitatory neurotransmission.Valproic acid/divalproex(VALPROATE) :has multiple mechanisms of action, including GABA potentiation, blocking of T-type calcium channels (predictive of efficacy against absence seizures), and blocking of sodium channels. Levetiracetam: Its mechanism of action is binding to the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A.
Thyroid hormones
The thyroid hormones (THs), triiodothyronine (T3) and its prohormone thyroxine (T4) are important regulators of gene expression. Through interaction with thyroid hormone receptors (TRs), THs regulate cell development, homeostasis, differentiation, growth and metabolim.
The aim of the present study was to evaluat the effect of antiepileptic drugs on thyroid functions in epileptic patients.
The present study was carried out on 100 subjects divided into 3 groups of 90 patients and one control group of 10 subject for patients aged between 6 -18 years and were diagnosed with new onset idiopathic partial and/or generalized epilepsy, who received valproate, carbamazepine, and levetiracetam monotherapy who are compliant on medication for at least 6 months