الفهرس 
Review of LiteratureOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
End-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring dialysis is considered a significant risk factor in cardiac surgery. Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in patients on renal dialysis.(1)
Hemodialysis (HD) patients suffer a high risk of concomitant cardiac disease. This is due to their high incidence of risk factors for atherosclerosis such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and the elevated calcium phosphate product(6). Valvular heart disease is more common in renal failure patients because of the risk of endocarditis after hemodialysis access shunt infection chronic uremia, hypertension, volume overload, dyslipidemia, and anemia -all associated with ESRD-predispose patients to cardiac Valvular abnormalities.(3)
Secondary hyperparathyroidism and the resultant increased calcium phosphate product accelerate calcification of cardiac valves and specialized conduction tissue (2). Calcific degenerative cardiac valve disease predisposes to bacterial endocarditis in the presence of frequent vascular access-related bacteremia and compromised immunity associated with chronic renal failure.
End-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring dialysis is considered a significant risk factor in cardiac surgery. Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in patients on renal dialysis.(1)
Hemodialysis (HD) patients suffer a high risk of concomitant cardiac disease. This is due to their high incidence of risk factors for atherosclerosis such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and the elevated calcium phosphate product(6). Valvular heart disease is more common in renal failure patients because of the risk of endocarditis after hemodialysis access shunt infection chronic uremia, hypertension, volume overload, dyslipidemia, and anemia -all associated with ESRD-predispose patients to cardiac Valvular abnormalities.(3)
Secondary hyperparathyroidism and the resultant increased calcium phosphate product accelerate calcification of cardiac valves and specialized conduction tissue (2). Calcific degenerative cardiac valve disease predisposes to bacterial endocarditis in the presence of frequent vascular access-related bacteremia and compromised immunity associated with chronic renal failure.