الفهرس 
O VERVIEW ON T RAMADOL A DDICTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Addiction is characterized by inability to consistently abstain, impairment in behavioral control, craving, diminished recognition of significant problems with one’s behaviors and interpersonal relationships, and a dysfunctional emotional response. Like other chronic diseases, addiction often involves cycles of relapse and remission. Meanwhile, without treatment or engagement in recovery activities, addiction is progressive and can result in disabilities as cognitive impairment.
This study found that there was no statistically significant difference in age between cases and controls (P>0.05). Moreover, it was found that tramadol cases are older that SC cases, as the mean age of tramadol cases (N=30) is (33.8) in comparison to that of SC cases (N=30) is (22.4), and that was high statistically significant (P<0.001).
The main findings in the study were that the tramadol as well as SC use disorder cases had high statistically significant cognitive impairment compared to healthy controls. Cognitive impairment involved attention, visual, auditory, immediate, delayed & working memory as well as visual reconstruction ability and processing speed (P value <0.001).
By using SCID I, forty-seven percent of tramadol use disorder cases had comorbid major depressive disorder in comparison to three percent of SC cases had major depressive disorder. Moreover, twenty-three percent of SC use disorder cases had bipolar affective disorder and thirty percent had schizophrenia.
This study found that, there this positive statistical significant correlation between drug dimension of Addiction severity index and Trail making B results of tramadol use disorder cases. Also, there was negative statistically significant correlation between (psychiatric dimension of ASI and information), (alcohol dimension of ASI and verbal PA2) and (drug dimension of ASI and visual PA2) of tramadol use disorder cases (P>0.05).