الفهرس 
Anatomy of the kidneysOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Summary chronic kidney disease is a health problem that can lead to gradual loss of kidney function and thus renal failure. The main risk factors for developing kidney disease are diabetes, high blood pressure, glomerulonephritis,obstructiveuropathy,andpolycystickidney. Ultrasoundexaminationwas usedpreviously as a main parameter in correlation with estimated glomerular filtration rate to assess the nephrological diseases. However, sonographic findings are non-specific. Also, conventional magnetic resonance imaging(MRI), despite providing excellent anatomical imaging and tissue characterization in most renal conditions, it cannot give functional information about renal tissue in CKD. Nowadays, the development of functional MRI techniques as quantitative diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) expressed as an apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and renal tractography facilitated the evaluation of renal tissue damage in CKD patients by visualizing the organized renal structure and detection of the reduction of diffusion parameters which is possibly caused by tubular atrophy, interstitial fibrosis, cellular infiltration, and the scarring of glomeruli. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of DTI and renal tractography in the evaluation of renal diffusion properties in patients with chronic kidney diseases, in an attempt to identify the relationshipbetweenADCandFAvaluewiththerenalfunctionstateThis study included 40 subjects classified into two groups: 20 patients with renal impairment referred from Internal Medicine Department of Tanta University Hospital (with female predominance representing 60% and age ranged from 32 to 70 years) and 20 healthy subjects as a control group (with female predominance representing 55% andagerangedfrom18to66years). The control group had no history of any renal disease, hypertension, diabetes or other vascular diseases and performed MRI of theupperabdomenforclinicalreasonsotherthankidneydisease All the patients were subjected to proper history taking: personal history including risk factors of renal disease and present history of current illness including duration of the disease which ranged from 2-20 years, laboratory investigation and recent e-GFR, medications, comorbidities (hypertension was present in 90 % of the patients, diabetes mellitus in30 % of them and cardiovascular disease in 10% of them) and histopathologicalfindingsifpresent. Regarding to staging of renal disease according to the estimated glomerular filtration rate of patients in the study group, 2 patients were foundwithstageII, 4 patientswerefoundwithstage IV, 14patientswere foundwithstageV.