الفهرس 
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Abstract
Bio-energy is now accepted as having the potential to provide the major part of the
projected renewable energy provisions of the future. The conversion of biomass into
alternative fuel has become one of the attracting sources of renewable energy
because of the shortage and high prices of petroleum fuels. Though there are many
conversion processes like pyrolysis, gasification, combustion and liquefaction.
Among of them the thermo-chemical conversion pyrolysis which gained special
attention as it can convert it directly into liquid, solid and gaseous products by
thermal decomposition in absence of oxygen.
The application of pyrolysis in relatively high temperature, high heating rate and
short residence time is called fast pyrolysis which aims to maximize the bio-oil
formation. The present work will consider Jatropha curcas as the biomass source
because Jatropha seed are high energy bearing seeds available in nature.
The objective of the present study is to investigate the fast pyrolysis process of
Jatropha, tires, and plastic conversion and studying the effect of using CaO catalyst
derived from Eggshell wastes, on its bio-oil yield and physico-chemical
characteristics of it. Through appropriate model used for producing bio-fuel at the
optimum temperature.
The thermal degradation of the Jatropha seed and the kinetics of the fast pyrolysis
behavior was investigated in the two cases using thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA)
at a heating rate of 20 ᵒC/min in air atmosphere which indicated the range of
temperature in which rate of decomposition is maximum.
The results of TGA and DTG data revealed that iso-conversional free fitting model
(KAS) method gave excellent prediction with a good agreement of oil yields and the
activation energies of Jatropha curcas seeds were found in the range of (60 to 65
IV
kJ/mol) which was much lower than that of the literature (196 to 222 kJ/mol)
indicating that the reaction rate was fast as a fast pyrolysis process already used and
the correlation coefficient (R2) is 0.9987.
The chemical compositions of the bio-oils were investigated using FTIR, and GCMS.
Properties of CaO catalyst was studied using EDX, SEM and XRD analyses.
The oil and catalytic oil were obtained at optimum temperatures analyzed according
to their elemental analysis, fuel properties, functional groups present, and
compounds’ presence. The results obtained are compared with the commercial fuel.