الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were one of the most frequently used NMs in consumer products and were widely used as antimicrobial materials that could be incorporated into plastics, textiles, and other materials used in products as diverse as toys, clothing, and food container It was estimated that approximately 320 tons/ year of AgNPs were produced and used worldwide. It was potent and effective antimicrobial agents due to their protracted release of broad-spectrum bactericidal Ag cations. Although silver nanoparticles were potent and effective antimicrobial agents due to their protracted release of broad-spectrum bactericidal Ag cations, it had a toxic effect on the dams and their feti. This study was carried out to investigate the toxic effect of silver nanoparticles on dams and their offspring during and after pregnancy. For prenatal protocol, eighteen (18) healthy pregnant female albino rats which were divided into three groups 6 rats for each. The 1st group received 0.5 ml deionized water, the 2nd group received 50 mg/kg B.Wt of AgNPs the 3rd group received 100 mg/kg B.Wt of AgNPs orally from 7th to 15th day of pregnancy. At day 21the all groups were killed and the blood was collected directly from the heart. The results were that the silver nanoparticles reached the feti and caused marked decrease in the fetal body weight and fetal crown rump and caused abnormalities of the skeleton of the feti such as incomplete ossification of ribs, skull bones, axial bones, pectoral and pelvic and sternal vertebrates and absence of phalanges of fore and hind limb. The silver nanoparticles caused pathological lesion in brain but it more sever in the feti than their dams due to the ill developed BBB in the feti so it caused severe congestion of meningeal blood vessels. Also it could reach to the liver and caused degenerative changes of hepatocytes and kidney and caused degenerative changes and necrosis of renal tubular epithelium which affected the physiological function of these organs and resulted in release of the antioxidants enzymes as a line of defense mechanism in the body. In dams it caused also histopathological lesions as it reached to the placenta and caused edema and neutrophilic exudate and aggregations of neutrophils and plasma cells, in liver it caused lymphocytic recruitment into the portal area, in kidney caused hemorrhage in interstitial tissue, in heart caused perivascular edema and hemorrhage, in lung caused serous exudate in the pulmonary alveoli, hemorrhage and pulmonary atelectasis and in brain caused neuronal necrosis and satellitosis. It caused a remarkable depletion in the activities of NO and SOD and non-remarkable changes in the activities of GST and MDA in the liver tissue homogenate. It caused non remarkable changes in the activities of MDA and SOD and a remarkable elevation in the activities of NO and GST in placenta tissue homogenate. For the postnatal protocol, eighteen (18) healthy pregnant female albino rats which were divided into three groups 6 rats for each. The 1st group received 0.5 ml deionized water; the 2nd group received 50 mg/kg B.Wt of AgNPs the 3rd group received 100 mg/kg B.Wt of AgNPs orally just after parturition till weaning. At day 21 after weaning the all rats killed and the blood collected from both dams and their pups. Silver nanoparticles caused histopathological lesions as it caused local necrosis of hepatocytes, perivascular edema in the brain, congestion of interstitial blood capillaries in kidney and proliferation of interstitial tissue and pulmonary atelectasis in lung of suckling pups. It also affected the dams and caused mild lymphocytic infiltrate into hepatic tissue, proliferation of peribronchiolar lymphoid tissue of the lung and congestion of the glomerular capillaries in kidney. It caused a remarkable elevation in the serum level of urea, creatinine, cholesterol and the AST and ALT activity and a marked depletion of total protein and albumin levels and no changes in globulin and albumin/ globulin ratio in the serum of the dam administered it during suckling period. Also in the serum of the suckling pups it caused a remarkable elevation of serum level of urea, cholesterol and the AST and ALT activity and no changes in serum level of creatinine, total protein and globulin. Also silver nanoparticles caused a marked depletion in serum level of albumin and albumin/ globulin ratio.