الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Despite rapid advancement in anaesthetic techniques, sore throat following endotracheal intubation is still a long-standing concern for anaesthesiologists. It was ranked as the second most common minor adverse event during recovery from general anaesthesia. The etiology is multifactorial, including patient-related factors such as age, sex, smoking; and intubation factors including technique, duration, tube size, intracuff pressure, cuff design, intraoperative tube movement and suctioning.
POST may temporarily reduce the quality of life and increase patient dissatisfaction. Careful insertion technique for the tracheal tube is important for the prevention of airway trauma and postoperative sore throat. Prophylactic management for POST is recommended to increase the quality of postoperative care.
Several studies demonstrate that intravenous Dexamethasone alone reduces the incidence and severity of sore throat at 1st and 24 hours postoperatively. Dexamethasone is a potent antiinflammatory drug,it decreases the inflammation by suppressing migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes(PMNs), reducing capillary permeability, stabilizing cell and lysosomal membranes, increasing surfactant synthesis and inhibiting prostaglandins and proinflammatory cytokines and improving pulmonary microcirculation, so it has potent anti -inflammatory, analgesic, ,and anti emetic effects.
Clonidine is a central sympatholytic medication which acts via stimulation of Alfa 2 adrenergic receptors; resulting in reduction of sympathetic outflow causing decreased peripheral vascular resistance, heart rate, blood pressure and renal vascular resistance as it produces presynaptic and post junctional alpha-2 adrenoreceptor analgesia by preventing pain signal transmission to brain. Clonidine is used for treatment of high blood pressure, anxiety disorder, alcohol, opioids or smoking withdrawal syndrome, migraine and pain sensation, it is indicated for the short-term management of acute postoperative pain in both children and adults. However, its effects on the incidence of POST have not been fully investigated, this study prove that the combination of both Clonidine and Dexamethasone reduce the incidence and severity of POST associated with endotracheal intubation compared to intravenous Dexamethasone alone.