الفهرس 
Acknowledgements
Theories of addiction: Causes and maintenance addictionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Based on the results of the present study, it can be concluded that, there is no significant difference in demographic characteristic between addicts and control groups.
Addicts have significantly lower level of religious values and associated social behavior values than controls.
In addict group, there are significant positive correlations between level of religiosity and age, age of onset and level of education. While, there is negative correlation with socioeconomic level.
Also in addicts, there are significant negative correlations between level of religiosity and drug use related problems including employment status problem, drugs problem, legal status problem, family history and social relationship problem.
Recommendation
Based on the findings of the present study, the following recommendations are suggested:
More researches should be applied for exploring the religious aspect of patients with substance use disorder as social factor
In psychiatric interview, interviewer should be paid Attention to the religious profile of patients with substance use disorder during their evaluation.
For society, increasing religious awareness as regard its importance in protection against substance use disorder.
Also, we need to include religious awareness in therapeutic plan to evaluate its therapeutic effect in recovery state.
Substance abuse is one of the most social and psychological serious problems in the world, and has the greatest bad impact on both the psychological and physical health. Even merit that ranks as one of the mental illness, within the diagnosis of mental disorders. It is estimated that a total of 246 million people, or 1 out of 20 people between the ages of 15 and 64 years, used an illicit drug in 2013 (World Health Organization, 2015). Previous researches provided overwhelming evidences that alcohol and drugs not only interfere acutely with normal brain activity but also have long-term effects on brain metabolism and functioning (National Institute for Drug Abuse, 1998). Egypt is no exception. Indeed, substance abuse in Egypt represents a serious problem (Loffredo et al., 2015). The most recent global report by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime estimated that 6–8% of Egypt’s population age 15–64 use cannabis. Moreover, the prevalence of the use of tobacco and illegal drugs is increasing, particularly among youth (Hamdi et al., 2013). from several cultural factors, religious and spiritual beliefs appear to be important factors associated with drug use (Yeung et al., 2009). The role of religion, in supporting a healthy lifestyle, has important potential for preventing disease. Studies have revealed protective effect of religiosity against substance use and abuse in adolescence (Brown et al., 2001). A convenient sample of participants includes 60 addicts, aged about 15- 55 years old who attended the addiction management clinics and inpatient unit of department of neurology and psychiatry of Assiut university hospitals and 60 cross matched healthy volunteers of patient’s family or general population. The study was performed during the period from 1st of March 2016 till the 28th February 2017. Each participant was assessed through the following tools: Demographic data sheet of all patients & control healthy group (Appendix I): It included name, sex, age, occupation, marital status, and address and education level. The socioeconomic status scale to detect socioeconomic status (El-Sherbini and Fahmy, 1983) (appendix П): It assesses the family status according to the 7 items scoring system. It includes father’s education and work, mother’s education and work, monthly income, crowding index and sanitation. Which classified participants to high, middle, low and very low level. ADDICTION SEVERITY INDEX (ASI) (McLellan, et al, 1980) (appendix Ш): This is a semi-structured clinical interview designed to provide a multidimensional assessment of problems presented by patients with substance use disorders to guide initial treatment planning and to allow monitoring of patient progress over time. It gathers information on seven functional areas of behaviors often affected by drug use: medical status, employment and support, drug use, alcohol use, legal status, family/social status, and psychiatric status. E. The religious values and associated social behaviors values scales (Dr. Siham Al-Azab, 2013) (Appendix Щ):This scale has been prepared by Dr. Siham Ahmed Al-Azab, Department of Sociology and Social Service in King Abd-Elaziz University in Saudi Arabia and aims to measure religious values as a metaphor and measure the actual act which reflects the same values that were measured on the scale of religious values. The religious value scale consists of 48 phrases and while the associated social behavior scale consists of 46 phrases. It assesses them according to 9 items, including: Well-mannered speech (score range from 9 to 15). Devotion (4 – 12) Modesty of God (1 - 9) Knowledge (4 - 8) Mercy (18 – 24) Humility (10 – 21) Gratefulness (4 – 12) Cooperation (2 – 13) Honesty (5 – 12) The main results yielded by this study were: The studied addict group consisted of 60 male, aged between 15-55 years. Most of the study populations were older than 25 years, graduated from technical school and secondary school. High percentages of them were employee, skilled and non-skilled workers. The majority of studied group were at middle and low level of socioeconomic status level. As regard addiction severity index results, high percentage of addicts have disturbed in medical status (mild =81%), employment status (moderate=45%), drugs (moderate=43, 4%), family status (mild to moderate= 38, 5% for each) and social relationship (moderate =43, 4%).As regard religious values items and associated social behaviors in the present addict sample, the total religious value mean score of addicts (86.89±7.03) is significantly lower than that of controls (91.31±7.14) (P 0.002). Also, the total associated social behaviors mean score of addicts (67.65±7.80) is significantly lowers than that of controls (73.88±7.88) (P <0.001). There were positive correlations between aging and religious values items and associated social behaviors including modesty of God, Mercy, humility, and Gratefulness r =0.348** at P=0.006, r=0.397** at P=0.002, r=0.383** at P=0.003, r= 0.434** P= 0.001 respectively. And there were positive correlations between socioeconomic scores and religious values items and associated social behaviors including honesty (r=.267 ** at p=0.041) and modesty of God (r=.296** at p=0.022). There were significant positive correlations between years of education and well-mannered speech (r=.336** at p=.009), knowledge (r=0.417 ** at p=.001) and Gratefulness (r=.385** at p=.002) as regard religious value items and associated social behavior values. Also, there were significant positive correlations between age of onset and modesty of God (r=0.336** at p=0.006), Mercy (r=0.277** at p=0.032) and Honesty (r=0.327** at p=0.011) as religious value items. And shows positive correlation between age of onset and modesty of God (r=0.327** at p=0.011) and Mercy (r=0.397** at p=0.002) as regard associated social behaviors. While there were significant negative correlations between socioeconomic scores and mercy (r=0.490** at P=<0.001) and cooperation (r=.535** at p=<0.001) as regard religious value items and associated behaviors. Also, in present addicts’ sample, there were significant negative correlations between total religious values and drug use related problems like drugs problem, legal status problem, family history and social relationship problem (p values are 0.003,0,032, 0.002 and 0.004) respectively. There were significant negative correlations between total social behaviors score and drug use related problems like employment status problem, drugs problem, legal status problem, family history and social relationship problem p values are 0.013, 0.006, 0.023, 0.018 and 0.047 respectively.