الفهرس 
Acknowledgments
PathophysiologyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The current randomized, double-blind, controlled study evaluated the effects of stimulating tempro parietal lobe with a different form of non-invasive brain stimulation(,tDCs).We found that following 10 sessions of tDC with maintenance on memantine(10mg), there was a significant improvement in the MMSE score in the active treatment group,as compared with the sham group. There was also improvement of scores of modified mini mental state examination, clock drawing test. There were also improvement in the laboratory scores of plasma levels of both tau protein and Aβ1-42 in the active treatment group as compared with the sham group but there was no changes or differences between levels of lipid peroxide in both active treatment group and sham group . The mechanism of the change is probably multifactorial.tDCS may increase the effectiveness of the cognitive reserve pool that is still operational in mild and moderate AD. This could involve effects of tDCS on a broad variety of neurotransmitters including acetylcholine and dopamine (Kuo et al., 2007; Monte-Silva et al., 2009), both of which are involved in cognitive function and behavior.[134] Although stimulation was applied over tempro parietal lobes, it is difficult to predict the distribution of current that reaches the cortex (Neuling et al., 2012). It depends on factors including current density, modulation duration, electrode montage, electrode size, and orientation of the electric field in relation to the anatomical and geometrical features of the cortex. Indeed, widespread tDCS-induced changes in cortical activity have been demonstrated in previous neuroimaging studies (Keeser et al., 2011).[135] The observed behavioral improvements were complemented by parallel changes in the AD biomarkers levels especially tau protein and Aβ1-42 levels In conclusion, the results of this preliminary study demonstrate that tDCS of both right and left temproparietal lobes at 2mA can improve cognitive functions in patients of AD Also the plasma levels of AD biomarkers have improved after treatment with tDCs Limitations Limitations of the study include the small sample size and possible cultural effect of using new non-medical treatment. In addition, all patients received the NMDA receptor antagonist memantine, which can potentially affect induction of plasticity with tDCs. Recommendations Additional studies are needed to establish the effect of tDCs on treatment of AD dementia. Also, studies are needed to use large size of population.