الفهرس 
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Abstract
The main challenge in WSN protocols is the small battery and the difficulty to change these batteries. Most researchers seeking a solution by saving energy consumption in WSN protocols by sensors to increase the lifetime of network sensors.
This research seeks to increase the lifetime of the network in the ZEAL routing protocol. E-ZEAL is proposed to enhance the performance of the ZEAL routing protocol in terms of data delivery and energy consumption. E-ZEAL has three phases: pre-processing phase, setup phase, and data collection phase. In the pre-processing phase, E-ZEAL implements the optimal path for the mobile sink to reduce energy consumption by utilizing the K-means clustering algorithm. In the setup phase, E-ZEAL improves the selection of sub-sink nodes in order to enhance the data delivery. Experiments are implemented in the NS-3 simulator. Quality of services parameters such as (lifetime, end to end delay, throughput, and remaining energy) are evaluated for performance comparison between E-ZEAL and ZEAL. The results illustrate that E-ZEAL provides better performance in all aspects. E-ZEAL succeeds in reducing the number of hops and distance between sub-sink nodes by more than 50%, leading to speed up the data-collection phase by more than 30% and to decrease the end-to-end delay by 30%. Moreover, E-ZEAL improves the network lifetime by 30%. After 23 data-collection cycles, the average remaining energy of member nodes utilizing E-ZEAL is 28% of the initial energy.
In future work, we will try to add criteria to E-ZEAL to find the optimum number of zones that achieve better average remaining energy.